Consolidated Index: A
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth)
gas pipelines, implications where, YB95.239
Aboriginal cultural heritage
accreditation regime, YB04.493–4
cultural heritage management plans, YB04.508–9, YB04.510
declarations of preservation, YB04.484–5
authorised officers, YB04.486
duty to those affected, YB04.487–93
ministerial power to make, YB04.485–7, YB04.502–4
procedure, YB04.486
duty of care, YB04.505–6
activities causing additional surface disturbance, YB04.507–8
activities causing no additional surface disturbance, YB04.507
activities involving no surface disturbance, YB04.506–7
areas previously subject to significant ground disturbance, YB04.507
developed areas, YB04.507
future acts, YB04.483, YB04.510
Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs), registered, YB04.483
information, restrictions on, YB04.492
“injury or desecration”, meaning of, YB04.485–6
interim protection orders, YB04.504–5
knowledge, YB04.503
legislation, YB04.484
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth), YB04.484–8
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Bill 1998 (Cth), YB04.493–4
Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (Qld), YB04.505–9
Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA), YB04.496–9
Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988 (SA), YB04.501–2
Aboriginal Relics Act 1975 (Tas), YB04.509
Aboriginal Sacred Sites Act 1989 (NT), YB04.499–501
Archaeological and Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 (Vic), YB04.489–91, YB04.495–6
Commonwealth and State, conflict between, YB04.491
Heritage Conservation Act 1991 (NT), YB04.500–1
National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NSW), YB04.502–5
predictability, YB04.492
reform proposals, YB04.491–3
Mabo decisions, YB04.481, YB04.482
ministerial discretion, YB04.492–3, YB04.498–9
Native Title, YB04.481–3
negotiation and mediation, YB04.509–11
“normative system”, YB04.482
offences, YB04.495, YB04.503, YB04.505–6
registration of sites
Northern Territory, YB04.500
onus of proof, YB04.497
South Australia, YB04.502
Victoria, YB04.495–6
Western Australia, YB04.497–8
“relic”, definition, YB04.509
reporting processes, YB04.492
sacred sites, YB04.499–501
“significance”, meaning of, YB-04.485
Ward cases, YB04.481
Yorta Yorta case, YB04.482
Aboriginal customs
native title
ceremonial purposes, for, YB02.136
determination, YB02.144
establishment of, YB02.144, YB02.148, YB02.149, YB02.152, YB02.154, YB02.156-157, YB02.171, YB02.172, YB02.192-193, YB02.196
recognition of, YB02.103, YB02.105-106
Aboriginal heritage
cultural heritage legislation (Qld), J03.413-415, J04.130-131
grant of injunction, J02.126-127
injunction, J01.224
protection of, YB02.154, YB02.193
refusal of injunction, J02.119-123, J02.125-126
relevance to application, J01.130
Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972 (WA)
amendment regarding administrative structure, B95.241
Aboriginal interests—see also Native title; Queensland Land Tribunal
Cultural Record (Landscapes Queensland and Queensland Estate) Act 1987, B94.169
Aboriginal issues
Jabiluka uranium mine, YB00.197, YB00.203, YB00.204-205, YB00.208, YB00.212, YB00.218
native title agreements, see Native title agreements
objections to natural resource projects, see Objections to natural resource projects
water rights, YB00.322
Aboriginal land see Indigenous Land Use Agreements (ILUAs)
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)
native title under, YB02.132
Aboriginal lands
acquisition of, YB02.98
Canada, in, YB02.210
governmental authority for, YB02.210
title to, YB02.213-214, YB02.217-220, YB02.239
common law, at, see Native title
enjoyment of, YB02.132
indigenous owners, YB02.132
minerals, right to YB02.132
native title, see Native title
occupation of, YB02.108, YB02.111, YB02.132
possession of, YB02.132
rights, YB02.96, YB02.102
recognition of, YB02.105
sovereignty over, YB02.220
title to, YB02.213
traditional owners, YB02.102, YB02.132
use of, YB02.132
Aboriginal law
community, YB02.112
recognition of, YB02.98, YB02.103, YB02.124, YB02.154
Aboriginal relics
liability for damage to, J99.7-8
Aboriginal rights
agreement on, YB02.112
airspace, YB02.120
Canada, in, see Canadian aboriginal rights
characterisation of, YB02.126
co-existing, see Native title
common law, at, YB02.95, YB02.96, YB02.99, YB02.102, YB02.105-106, YB02.112, YB02.123-124
exclusive possession, see Native title
existence of, YB02.95, YB02.216
proof of, YB02.216
extent of, YB02.95
extinguishment of, see Native title
fishing, YB02.117, YB02.120
hunting, YB02.126
identification of, YB02.112
infringement of, YB02.215, YB02.216
land, see Aboriginal land
legislation, see Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)
native title, see Native title
nature of, YB02.95
proof of, YB02.216
recognition of, YB02.98, YB02.105-106, YB02.123-124
self-government, YB02.123-124
recognition of, YB02.124
special, YB02.112
test for, YB02.126
transfer of, YB02.95
waterways, YB02.117, YB02.120
Aboriginal sacred site—see Sacred site
Aboriginal spiritual material
native title claims, evidence in, J00.134-136
privilege, J00.134-135
public interest immunity, J00.136
relevance, J00.135
waiver of privilege, J00.135-136
Aboriginal sovereignty
recognition of, YB02.123
Aboriginal traditions
change of, YB02.123-124
community, YB02.112
enforcement of, YB02.124
evidence of, YB02.163
native title
determination of, YB02.144, YB02.148, YB02.149, YB02.152, YB02.154, YB02.156-157, YB02.163, YB02.168, YB02.171, YB02.172
establishment of, YB02.136, YB02.139, YB02.141, YB02.144, YB02.148, YB02.149, YB02.152, YB02.154, YB02.156-157, YB02.192-193, YB02.195-196
proof of, YB02.143-145, YB02.147, YB02.154
recognition of, YB02.105-106, YB02.124
ceremonial purposes, YB02.136
Aborigines—see also Indigenous rights
Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement, YB98.20, YB98.562
beliefs in land, YB96.114-115, YB96.121
constitutional law and, YB98.521, YB98.522, YB98.525, YB98.529
cultural heritage—see Cultural heritage
customary law, YB98.502, YB98.515-517, YB98.536, YB98.542, YB98.557
hierarchical form, YB94.144
failure of common law to recognise, YB98.499, YB98.514-516
joint venture agreements, YB96.118
land rights, YB94.135
legislation, YB96.171
law and customs, administrative systems under, YB94.145
native title—see Native title
non-Aboriginal Australia, attitude to, YB94.138
reconciliation, YB96.122
relationship with mining industry, YB96.119-120
representative bodies, YB96.116-117
right to negotiate, YB98.517, see also Mining; Native title
Mining Act (SA), effect, YB98.24-26
Native Title Act 1993, under, YB98.21
sacred site, legal definition, YB98.558
sea tenure, YB98.533-536
social justice for, YB94.134
special institutions and laws, YB98.517
Stolen Generations case, YB98.523
tradition, what is, YB94.141
Abuse of process, B95.18–19
Acceptable risks, YB93.2–4—see also Environmental risks
Access
ACCC determination, YB97.17-19
airports, YB97.45
application for, process of, YB97.17-20, YB97.43
arbitration, J97.220-221, J97.226
arrangements, YB04.182
arbitration and negotiation, YB04.208–9
competition principles agreement, J97.229-230
competition, promotion of, YB04.194
contractual rights, YB04.224
criteria, YB97.5-17
existing regime, no effective, YB97.12
health and safety, YB97.12
national significance, YB97.11-12
trade and commerce power, YB97.11
promotion of competition, YB97.5-9
extent required, YB97.7
public interest, not contrary to, YB97.16
uneconomical to duplicate, YB97.9-11
declaration, J97.217-220
declaration of service, criteria for, YB04.184
application procedure, YB04.207–8
declaration of services, YB99.540
disputes, arbitration of, YB04.185–6
electricity, YB97.35-36
National Electricity Market Code of Conduct, YB97.36
essential facilities doctrine, YB04.201–2
pre-requisites, YB04.202–6
tests, YB04.204
extension of facilities, YB04.210–11
fee, YB97.7-8, YB97.20-25, YB97.44
pricing models, YB97.22-24
purpose of, YB97.21
free trade agreements, YB04.577–8
gas, YB97.36-41
Cooper Basin Ratification Act 1975, YB97.39
ACCC’s recommendations for review, YB97.40
national access arrangements, YB97.25-31, YB97.37
Code adopted by States, YB97.26, YB97.37
important elements of Code, YB97.26-29
reference tariffs, setting, YB97.29
ring-fencing obligations, YB97.27, YB97.38
gas, see Access to upstream facilities
gas industry, risk of coverage, YB04.390–2
information asymmetry, YB04.210
infrastructure, J97.212-230
investment certainty, impact on, YB04.206–8
legitimate business interests of service providers, YB04.196–7
mining infrastructure, YB04.205
monopoly characteristics, YB97.10
National Competition Council, view of, YB97.4, YB97.10
National Gas Access Code (NGAC) principles, YB04.219–20
MCE recommendations, YB04.417
natural monopolies and bottlenecks, YB04.182–3, YB04.201–2
open, YB97.32-48
pipelines, J97.196
practical aspects of, YB97.1-31
pricing, J97.226-227
pricing, determination of, YB04.213–14
Competition Principles Agreement, YB04.214–15
electricity industry, YB04.216–19
gas industry, YB04.219–22
individual access regimes, YB04.216
Productivity Commission, recommendations of, YB04.215
Trade Practices Act, YB04.215
production process, YB04.189–90, YB04.193–4
Productivity Commission Review, YB04.198–9
“provider”, definition, YB04.186
provider has no excess capacity, YB04.208–11
public interest, assessment of, YB04.197–8
rail, YB97.46-47
current applications, YB97.46
rail see Rail access
regime in Pt IIIA Trade Practices Act, YB99.539, YB99.540
resources sector, YB04.186–7
Fortescue Metals application, YB04.192–5
Hamersley Iron case, YB04.187–92
“service”, meaning of, YB04.188
service, to a, YB97.2-5, YB97.34, YB97.42
State agreements YB04.223–5
priority of, YB04.223
Trade Practices Act, under, YB04.223
State and Territory regimes, YB97.12-16, YB97.34, J97.222-223
telecommunications, YB97.41-44
access pricing, YB97.44
industry self-regulation, YB97.43
terms and conditions, YB04.196–7
Trade Practices Act
Pt IIIA, YB97.2-25
arbitrations under, YB97.35
introduction of, YB97.33
State regimes, relationship with, YB97.12-16, YB97.34
Pt XIC, YB97.42
transport infrastructure, YB04.183
undertakings, YB04.195-6, J97.219-217
vertical integration, YB04.206
Access regimes
ACCC, regulation by, YB01.183
access holidays, YB01.209-211
administrative decisions, see Administrative decisions
appeals, YB01.216-217
application of, YB01.197
asset valuation, YB01.211-213
Australian, YB01.197-199
competition, promotion of, YB01.231, YB01.232, YB01.311, YB01.318-321
concept of access, YB01.230
coverage of, YB01.213-216
distribution networks, to, independent state regulators, YB01.183
duplication of facility not economical, YB01.23, YB01.311, YB01.322-323
economics of regulation, YB01.199-203
error costs
access and, YB01.200
access prices and, YB01.200-202
definition, YB01.200
implications for access policy, YB01.202-203
gas, see Gas access regime
Hilmer Report recommendation, YB01.197, YB01.230
history of regulation, YB01.230
introduction, YB01.197
judicial review of decisions, see Judicial review
legislative scheme, YB01.198, YB01.233
overview, YB01.310-313
merits reviews, YB01.216-217
Productivity Commission review of, YB01.197, YB01.207-219, YB01.225, YB01.301-303
regulators, YB01.233-236
ACCC, YB01.183, YB01.233
criticism of, YB01.229
discretionary powers, YB01.235
separate regulatory bodies, YB01.217-219
State and Territory, YB01.233
Access to services, see National access regime
Access to upstream facilities, YB99.165-215
access agreement
delivery/supply obligations, YB99.185-186
force majeure provisions, YB99.185, YB99.188
forecast demands for use, YB99.185
guaranteed minimum payment, YB99.188
inability to provide service, provision for, YB99.185
interruption of services, YB99.187
liability for non-performance, YB99.187
measurement and testing of product, YB99.188
priority, YB99.187
product specification, YB99.186
risk, YB99.186
service provider's obligations, YB99.186
stock losses, provision for, YB99.186
tariff arrangements, YB99.187
terms of, YB99.185-188
title in product, YB99.186
APPEA principles, YB99.203-204, YB99.209, YB99.215
areas of concern, YB99.204-206
automatic right of access, YB99.204
dispute resolution, YB99.204-205
tariff-setting, YB99.206
timeliness, YB99.205-206
available capacity
defining, YB99.183-184
expansion, YB99.184
best practice principles, YB99.203-204, YB99.209, YB99.215
areas of concern, YB99.204-206
Carnarvon Basin, YB99.212, YB99.214
commercial negotiation, YB99.200-201, YB99.214-215
competition policy, YB99.196-198, YB99.208-211
Cooper Basin, YB99.200-201, YB99.202
criteria for declaration of services, YB99.175-178
national significance, YB99.177
no health or safety risk, YB99.177
not contrary to public interest, YB99.178
not under effective access regime, YB99.177
criteria for, YB99.175-178
definition of service, YB99.183
dispute resolution, YB99.204-205
agreement provisions, YB99.188
UK code of practice, YB99.193-194
distribution of gas reserves and pipelines, YB99.212
essential facilities, YB99.168-169
Gas Pipelines Access Law, YB99.178
Gulf of Mexico, YB99.212
Hilmer Report, YB99.168-170
InterGovernmental Natural Gas Pipelines Access Agreement, YB99.196, YB99.197
joint venture facilities, YB99.184-185
matters to be addressed, YB99.182
National Third Party Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline
Systems, YB99.178-179, YB99.197, YB99.208
need for regulated access, YB99.199-200, YB99.209-210
nominations by access seeker, YB99.185
North America, YB99.211-212
Part IIIA, Trade Practices Act, YB99.170, YB99.199
criteria for declaration under, YB99.175-178
service, meaning of, YB99.170-171
price reduction possibilities, YB99.212-214
producer's perspective, YB99.208-215
production process, use of, YB99.172-175
rationale for regulation, YB99.198-203, YB99.209-210
regulator's perspective, YB99.195-207
s 46, Trade Practices Act, YB99.165-167, YB99.200
suitability, YB99.201-202
scheduling for use, YB99.185
service, meaning of, YB99.170-171
service provider's entitlement to offer access, YB99.184
stock losses, YB99.186
tariff-setting principles, YB99.206
UK Offshore Infrastructure Code of Practice
Australian code based on, YB99.180
summary, YB99.189-194
Upstream Issues Working Group, YB99.179-182, YB99.202-203
Varanus Island access agreement, YB99.214-215
Accommodation
GST on remote housing, YB00.454-455
`fly in and fly out' accommodation, YB00.454-455
Account of profits
breach of contract, for, YB04.123
equitable remedy, YB04.123
Accounting
compliance, YB02.346
confidence, YB02.342
credibility, YB02.342-344
failure of, YB02.342
self-regulatory, YB02.345
standards, YB02.343, YB02.345
international standards, see International Accounting Standards
processes, YB02.342
standards, compliance with, YB02.346
Accounts
project accounts, YB03.98–99
Acid rain program, YB00.368-369
see also Greenhouse gas emissions
acquisition and disposition of mining interests
uniform capital allowance, J02.62, J02.76
Acquisition of property, YB98.75-99
Commonwealth v Western Australia, YB98.94-96
Commonwealth v WMC Resources Ltd, YB98.49, YB98.50, YB98.54-55, YB98.59-60, YB98.61-63, YB98.72, YB98.74
Commonwealth laws effecting, YB98.50, YB98.56-63, YB98.85, YB98.88
exceptions, YB98.64-67
Constitution, s 51(xxxi), YB98.49-99
power, YB98.77-81
Coronation Hill, J97.184-187
definition, YB98.53-56, YB98.85-89
extinguishment or modification constituting, statutory rights, see Statutory rights infra
for any purpose, YB98.90
intellectual property rights, YB98.60
just terms, on, YB94.555, YB98.49, YB98.50, YB98.71-74, YB98.75-77, YB98.78, YB98.81-82, YB98.90-93, YB98.96
compensation, YB98.71-73, YB98.90-93
exceptions, YB98.64-67, YB98.79-80
fair procedures, YB98.92-93
justiciability and, YB98.72-73
Northern Territory, recent claim by, YB94.565
native title, and, YB98.96-98, YB98.552
Newcrest Mining (WA) Ltd v Commonwealth, YB98.49-50, YB98.54, YB98.61, YB98.62, YB98.67, YB98.68, YB98.70, YB98.74, YB98.81, YB98.87-88, YB98.96-97
Northern Territory, J97.184-187
property not formally acquired
mining tenements, extinguishment, YB98.54, YB98.61-62
petroleum exploration permits, extinguishment, YB98.54-55
statutory rights, withdrawal, YB98.57-63
court's treatment of, YB98.61-63
inherent defeasibility, YB98.57-61
mere extinguishment, YB98.86-88
Teori Tau v Commonwealth, YB98.68-69, YB98.81, YB98.96-97
Territories power, YB98.67-71, YB98.81
what is, YB94.553
Acts Amendment and Repeal (Native Title) Bill 1995 (WA)
background, B95.242
compensation, B95.245
compliance with Racial Discrimination Act 1975, B95.243
objectives, B95.244
procedural requirements, B95.244–245
purpose, B95.242–243
Acts Interpretation (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA), B94.146
Adjudication
administrative law remedies, YB04.178–9
application, YB04.171–2
challenges, YB04.178–9
conference, YB04.174
costs, YB04.175
determination, YB04.174
consequences, YB04.175–6
responses, YB04.176–7
injunctions, YB04.179
inspection, YB04.174
process, YB04.173–4
response, YB04.172–3
Adjustment agreement—see Futures, types
Admissions, J00.219-222
Administrative appeals—see also Judicial review
“interpretation summons” (in Supreme Court Queensland), B94.53
Minerals and Energy Department Queensland
error in law, B94.2
merits review, B94.1
Queensland Electoral and Administrative Review Commission, B94.1
Administrative decisions
adverse, YB01.248
concerns about, whether to withhold, YB01.246
draft, YB01.247-248
judicial review, see Judicial review
prior representations, effect of, YB01.245
procedural fairness, YB01.245
reasons for, YB01.257-260
right of persons affected to be heard, YB01.244-245
Administrative law adjudication, remedies to, YB04.178–9
Agency
contractual obligation, YB02.34
good faith, of, YB02.34
fiduciary duties, YB04.116
relational contract, YB02.34
agent
under Mineral Resources Act (Qld), J02. 21
Agents
acting for the Crown, YB93.152
Agreement to negotiate
binding, YB02.15
breach of, YB02.16
damages for, YB02.16
enforcement of, YB02.15-16
fair dealing, in, YB02.17
good faith, in, YB02.15-18
injunction, YB02.15-16
terms of, YB02.17
binding, whether, YB02.17
modification of, YB02.18
Agreements
agree, to, YB01.382, YB01.402-411
contract, see Contract
dual listed companies, implementing, see Dual listed companies (DLC)
natural gas industry, in see Natural gas
Airports, access to—see Access
Airspace
native title, determination of, YB02.136
rights to, grant of, YB02.120
Alcohol—see Drugs in the workplace
Alinta Gas Corporation (WA)
accountability, B95.14
establishment, B95.14
Alliances, project, YB97.127-146—see also Contracts, construction
agreements, alliance, YB97.141
aligned objectives groups, YB97.147, YB97.151-152, YB97.158
commercial drivers, YB97.144
contractual structures, YB97.138
multiple-contract model, YB97.140
single-contract model, YB97.140
two-contract model, YB97.139
definition, YB97.134, YB97.150
development contracts, YB97.142
contractual checklist, YB97.143
East Spar project, YB97.139
facilitators, YB97.145
history of, YB97.135
Ampolex, YB97.136, YB97.152-157
BHP, YB97.137
BP, YB97.135
WMC, YB97.137
lawyers involved in, YB97.145
participant selection, YB97.151-152
Port Hedland Construction project, YB97.141
principles of, YB97.138
risk management, YB97.148-149
risk/reward curve, YB97.144
sub-alliancing, YB97.145
terminology, YB97.128
traditional contract model, YB97.129-131
Wandoo project, YB97.140, YB97.144, YB97.152-157
Alliancing, B96.202–214
Alternative dispute resolution
increasing popularity, YB03.38
multi-tier clauses, YB03.38
Alternative risk transfer
environmental impairment, for, YB02.398-404
arrangements, YB02.399, YB02.402
‘cat’ bond, YB02.400, YB02.401
costs, YB02.398
definition, YB02.399
derivatives, YB02.403
facilities, YB02.400-403
products, YB02.398
‘pur parametric trigger', YB02.401
risk management, YB02.400
structures, YB02.402-403
Aluminium industry
natural gas requirements, YB01.285
Amalgamation
joint ventures, of, see Joint ventures
AMPLA
AMPLA News, B96.121
annual conference, B96.88, B96.121
appointment of Executive Director, B95.260
conference, B94.95
life membership award, B96.121
National Board, B96.161
new Bulletin format, B96.161
appointment of Editor, B96.161
office bearers for 1996, B95.228
office bearers for 1997, B96.121
President’s page, B94.50, B94.94, B94.135–136
representation on committee
Land Access and Legislation Committee (SA), B94.146
Petroleum Industry Liaison Committee (SA), B94.146
Research Grant, B95.86, B95.159
submission on Native Title Bill 1993, B94.41–49
determination of native title, B94.47
future grants, B94.44–45
National Native Title Tribunal, B94.46, B94.47–48
“past acts”, B94.42–43
potential for ambit claims, B94.45
potential for compensation, B94.43
validation of existing titles, B94.42
validity of grants, B94.43–44
survey of members, B96.89
Western Australian Branch annual general meeting, B95.250–260
Ampol/Caltex merger, YB96.355, YB96.371
Anaconda arbitration, YB03.28–32
hearing, YB03.29–30
lessons learnt, YB03.30–32
preliminary conference, YB03.28
Anthropologists
expert evidence, in native title cases, YB94.22, YB94.25
Apology
admission of guilt, as, J00.218-219
context, importance of, J00.226
legal issues for, J00.220-222
confidential statements, J00.227-228
definition, J00.219
Appeal
compensation under Mineral Resources Act (Qld), J99.82-89
conduct of appeal, J99.88
outcome, J99.88-89
from tribunal (Qld), J03.15-16, (Vic), J03.419-421
refusal of leave (Qld), J03.407-408
right of
domestic arbitration, YB03.26–27
international arbitration, YB03.27–28
Warden’s Court (WA) decision, J99.122-125
stay of execution pending, J99.124-125
Supreme Court, to, J99.123-124
Arbitration
access arrangement, YB93.429
access disputes, YB04.185–6
advantage of, YB03.17
amount in issue, YB94.211
Anaconda arbitration, YB03.28-32
appeal from, YB94.212
appeal, rights of, YB03.24-26
appropriate procedure, whether, YB94.210
body, YB02.122
broad clauses, YB94.218
clauses, see contract
compulsory, YB02.122
confidentiality, YB94.215
concept of, YB03.1
cost of, YB94.212, YB03.28
criticism of, YB94.209
definition,YB03.1
domestic, YB02.655, YB02.660, YB02.662-665
hearings, YB03.23-24
innovations, YB03.15
international, see International arbitration
international law disputes, YB00.68
issues of principle, YB94.212
National Native Title Tribunal, by, see National
Native Title Tribunal
native title, of see Native title
People’s Republic of China, in, YB03.191–195
privacy of, YB94.215
procedural advantages, YB03.17
procedural law, YB02.655
CAA, YB02.655, YB02.660, YB02.662-665
domestic, YB02.655, YB02.660, YB02.662-665
Model Law, application of, YB02.655
reasons for using, YB03.5–9
recent developments, YB94.207
royalty disputes, YB93.254–255
scope of arbitration agreement, YB94.218
settlement, promotion of, YB03.15
stay of proceedings J03.26-28
subpoenas, use of, YB04.100
technical arbitrations, YB03.16
technical issues, YB94.211
urgency, YB94.211
what is, YB03.1
Arbitration agreement
drafting, YB03.14, YB03.33–39
promotion of efficient dispute resolution, YB03.27
Arbitrator
choice of, YB03.15–17
relevant factors, YB03.16
timing for, YB03.17
control of procedure by, YB03.17
discovery, approach to, YB03.22
lump sum payment, YB03.27
objectives of speed and efficiency, YB03.28
technical qualifications, YB03.16
Area of interest provisions—see Mutual interest provisions
Argentina
foreign investment in minerals, YB94.280
Argyle mining project
native title issues, J00.90-92
Arrangement, schemes of—see Mergers and acquisitions
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
application of laws of Northern Territory, B95.176–179
Assessors
Federal Court proceedings, in—see Federal Court
Assignment
joint venture agreement, J99.174-175
joint venture agreements
damages where breach of assignment restriction, YB01.121
injunction to prevent sale in breach of restriction, YB01.121
mining lease (Qld), J99.109-110
operation of clause, YB01.142
personal performance required, YB01.120
prohibition under, YB01.118-122
requirements, YB01.118
restrictions void as restraint on alienation of private property, YB01.118
ASX Listing Rules
disclosure obligations, YB00.495-496, YB00.497, YB00.512-513
mining companies, YB00.511-515
disclosure obligations, YB00.512-513
eligibility for listing, YB00.512
restricted securities, YB00.513-515
ATSIC
administration, based on European concepts of, YB94.146
Audit
firms, of, rotation of, YB02.344
process, YB02.344
control of, YB02.345
standards, YB02.344
Auditor
independence of, YB02.344
non-audit services, YB02.344
reporting obligations, YB02.345
Australasian Code for Reporting of Identified Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, YB95.5
Australia-Indonesia Zone of Co-operation
cancellation of exploration permits without compensation, YB04.10
Australian Code for Reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, see JORC Code
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)
access to electricity and gas transmission networks, YB01.183
administration of TPA by, YB01.14
coal asset acquisitions, YB01.137-138
customer lists, YB04.81
electricity industry regulation, YB04.362, YB04.370–1, YB04.376–9
National Electricity Code, authorisation of, YB04.383
Western Australia, YB04.381
electricity wholesale market, regulation of, YB01.189
recent criticism about, YB01.189
establishment of, YB95.254
fishing expeditions, YB04.87
funding, YB04.377
gas industry regulation, YB04.364–5, YB04.370–1, YB04.376–9, YB04.387–8
GasNet System (GNS), YB04.398–9
Moomba-Adelaide Pipeline System (MAPS), YB04.396–8
Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System (MSP), YB04.390–2, YB04.400–3
Western Australia, YB04.381
information, power to demand, YB04.81
inquiry into petrol industry, YB96.351, YB96.360, YB96.375-376, YB96.379-380
investigative powers, YB04.82
limitations, YB04.87
Memorandum of Understanding (AER, AEMC, ACCC), YB04.377
mergers
Alcoa Inc and Reynolds Metal Company, YB01.7
injunctions to restrain, YB01.15
offshore mergers affecting Australian market, YB01.7
proposed acquisition of Ashton Mining Limited, YB01.7-8
Mobil purchase of Amgas, YB96.355-357
pricing guidelines
electricity industry, YB04.216–17
case law, YB04.217–18
proper purpose, exercise of powers for, YB04.87–8
role in Caltex/Ampol merger, YB96.355
strategy documents, YB04.81
supply contracts, YB04.81
Australian competition law
authorisation of conduct, YB01.21-22, YB01.371-372
grounds for, YB01.22-23
competition
concept of, YB01.367
gas industry, in, YB01.368
major elements, YB01.367-368
substantially lessening see substantially lessening competition below
gas industry
authorisation of conduct, YB01.371-372
competition, concept of, YB01.367-368
joint marketing, YB01.369-370
joint venture monopolies restricting, YB01.181
market, definition, YB01.366-367
past restrictions on, YB01.181
price fixing, YB01.368-369
global context, in, YB01.3-8
Hilmer Committee, YB01.23
market, definition, YB01.366-367
mergers
ACCC, role of, YB01.14
barriers to entry, YB01.19
concentration thresholds, YB01.17-18
countervailing power, YB01.19
divestiture orders, YB01.15
import competition, YB01.18
informal authorisation by ACCC, YB01.20-21
key TPA provisions, YB01.14, YB01.15
market dynamics, YB01.20
penalties for contravention, YB01.15
prohibition under TPA, YB01.15
substantial lessening of competition, YB01.16-17
transactions to which s 50 applies, YB01.15-16
vertical integration, YB01.20
vigorous and effective competitor, YB01.20
National Competition Policy, YB01.197
overview, YB01.14
price fixing, joint venture exception, YB01.368-369
resources industry, relating to, YB01.1-27
substantially lessening competition
coal assets, sale and purchase, YB01.137-138
gas industry, YB01.367
mergers, YB01.16-17
Australian Constructors Association, J99.97
Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC)
code change process, YB04.373–4, YB04.384–5
energy market regulation, YB04.370, YB04.416
functions, YB04.372
funding, YB04.377
members, YB04.372
Memorandum of Understanding (AER, AEMC, ACCC), YB04.377
processes, YB04.373–4
progress, YB04.378
review of decisions, YB04.377
Australian Energy Regulator (AER)
ACCC, relationship with, YB04.376
energy market regulation, YB04.370, YB04.416
functions, YB04.375–6
funding, YB04.377
members, YB04.375
Memorandum of Understanding (AER, AEMC, ACCC), YB04.377
progress, YB04.378
reviews of decisions, YB04.383–4
Australian Financial Services (AFS) licence
application for, YB03.276
Corporations Act, under, YB03.275
disclosure and other obligations, YB03.276
electricity market, corporate entities in, YB03.275
Australian foreign investment law
application of, YB01.9-10
coal asset acquisitions, YB01.136-138
Foreign Investment Review Board, YB01.10
national interest
ground for rejecting applications, as, YB01.9
what constitutes, YB01.10-11
overview, YB01.9
primary legislation, YB01.9
Shell/Woodside decision, YB01.11-14, YB01.137
Australian Gas Light Company (AGL)
New South Wales, supply of gas to—see Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline
Australian Greenhouse Office
establishment, YB03.301
Australian Heritage Commission v Mount Isa Mines Ltd, YB97.453-458
commission’s authority, YB97.454
decision, YB97.455
implications of, YB97.457
issue to be determined, YB97.454
reasons of High Court, YB97.456
Australian Minerals Council Voluntary Code for Environmental
Management, YB00.58-59, YB00.62
Australian Oceans Policy, J99.1-3
Australian Offshore Petroleum Strategy, J99.99-100
Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)
investigative powers, YB04.83–4
role, YB04.82
Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC)
cross border
links, YB02.350
markets, regulation of, YB02.349
recognition principles, YB02.349
examinations, power to conduct, YB04.85
foreign collective investment schemes policy, YB02.349
funding, YB02.129
initiatives, YB02.348-349
investigative powers, YB04.84–5
IOSCO representative, YB02.348
memorandum of understanding, YB02.507
premises, power to enter, YB04.85
production of documents, power to compel, YB04.85
regulator, YB02.346
corporations, YB02.346
securities, YB02.346
role of, YB02.280-281
Australian Stock Exchange (ASX)
arm’s length transactions, YB96.421-422
Listing Rule 3.1, YB96.387, YB96.395-396
role in continuous disclosure, YB96.396-397
Australian Takeovers Panel see Takeovers Panel
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
investigative powers, YB04.85
limitations, YB04.88
premises, power to enter, YB04.85
Authorised Nominating Authorities (ANAs), YB04.171–2
Consolidated Index: B
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Bank guarantees
construction contractors, from, YB03.117
Bankability
gas and electricity supply contracts, YB03.97–91
project bankability, YB03.85–91, YB03.144–149
Banks—see Financial risk management, Lenders’ liability
Basel Capital Accord, YB03.164
Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989, YB00.77-78
dispute settlement provisions, YB00.68, YB00.78
enforcement, YB00.78
obligations of parties, YB00.77
Protocol, YB00.78
Bayu-Undan project, YB00.138, YB00.140, YB00.141-150
Belgium
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.249, J99.250
Best and reasonable efforts
duty of, YB02.9, YB02.44
determination of, YB02.44
explicit term, YB02.9
imposition of, YB02.9
particular circumstance, YB02.9
requirement for, YB02.9-10
scope of, YB02.9
BHP—see Disclosure of discoveries; Alliances, project
Biala Pty Ltd v Mallina Holdings Ltd, YB94.569
appeal, YB94.586
background, YB94.569
claims for breaches of fiduciary duty, YB94.572
basis of, YB94.572
derivative actions, YB94.578
directors, action against, YB94.585
facts, YB94.570
findings of fact, YB94.573
practical significance of, YB94.587
remedy, equitable compensation, YB94.583
amount of, YB94.584
principles of assessment, YB94.584
Bias
actual or apparent, B95.4
adviser to tribunal, B95.5
apparent bias, B95.4–6
application of well settled tests to facts, B95.4
involvement of judge as partisan, B95.5
leave to appeal refused, B95.170
political appointment, B95.4
“reasonable observer”, B95.5–6
“reasonable suspicion”, B95.4
tribunal
lacks jurisdiction, B95.4
“principle of necessity”, B95.5
quashing of decision, B95.4–6
views of member, B95.5
Bias of decision-maker, YB01.250-252
Bidder, see Takeovers
Biodiversity conservation, see also Environment protection
EPBC Act, YB01.77
Acts replaced by, YB01.75
benefits delivered by, YB01.80-81
experience to date, YB01.79-80
fundamental reform under, YB01.74
key changes under, YB01.75
national scheme, YB01.74
penalties under, YB01.79
Biomass-based power generation, YB00.300-302, YB00.305
biomass resources, YB00.300
capital costs, YB00.301-302
environmental incentive to use, YB00.291
examples of projects, YB00.301
predictions as to use of, YB00.288
BP
multi site franchising, YB96.368
Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
native title, proposed amendments in determination of, YB95.472
Breach of confidence
remedies, YB04.124
Breach of contract
account of profits, YB04.123
compensatory damages, YB04.123
debt recovery, YB04.170
suspension of work, YB04.170–1
Breach of duty
damages for, see Damages
fair dealing, of, YB02.2, YB02.4
good faith, of, YB02.2, YB02.4, YB02.11, YB02.13, YB02.14, YB02.17, YB02.35, YB02.46
liability for, YB02.13
negotiate, of, YB02.18
Breach of statutory duty, YB02.424, YB02.429-430
cause of action, YB02.429
damages, YB02.424, YB02.429
Break fee
breach of directors’ duties, YB01.50
declaration of unacceptable circumstances, YB01.50
definition, YB01.47
legal issues, YB01.49-51
“lock-up” characteristics, YB01.48
oppression of minority, YB01.50
prevention of transaction being completed, YB01.47
resource company agreements, YB01.48
trigger events, YB01.47
Bribery
foreign officials, see International bribery and corruption
Bribery of foreign officials, J99.177-183
Criminal Code amendments, J99.177-183
defences, J99.179-182
nationality requirements, J99.182-183
OECD Convention, J99.178
territorial requirements, J99.182-183
what constitutes an offence, J99.178-179
British Gas
British Gas Transportation, YB95.295
competition in market, YB95.295, YB95.326-327
contracts for supply, YB95.294, YB95.295
structure, YB95.296–297
power generation, lifting of prohibition on gas for, YB95.295
price of gas
negotiation, YB95.296–297
schedules, publication of, YB95.294
privatisation, process of, YB95.294
regulator, effect, YB95.296
take-or-pay arrangements, YB95.297
transportation charges
capacity charge, YB95.295
commodity charge, YB95.295
publication of, YB95.294, YB95.295
Building and construction
duty of care, see Duty of care
Building and Construction Industry Payments Act 2004 (Qld), YB04.159
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999 (NSW), YB04.158
construction work, definition, YB04.160–1
related goods and services, definition, YB04.161–2
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002 (Vic), YB04.158–9
Bulgaria
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.250
Consolidated Index: C
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Californian electricity market
difficulties in, YB01.266-267
inability to hedge risk, YB01.272-273
lessons of, YB01.275-277
natural phenomena, effect of, YB01.269-270
politics of energy supply, YB01.274-275
restructuring
history of, YB01.267-268
outcome of, YB01.273-274
plan, YB01.268-269
rising prices, YB01.269-270
supply/demand imbalance, YB01.270-272
triggers of energy crisis, YB01.269
Canada
native title in—see Native title: the North American experience
Canadian aboriginal rights
affirmation of, YB02.209, YB02.214-215
statute, by, YB02.214-215
agreements, YB02.231-233
impact and benefit, YB02.237-238
private, YB02.237-238
case law, YB02.209, YB02.211, YB02.224
consultation, YB02.220-223
content of, YB02.216
Crown's fiduciary duty, YB02.214-216, YB02.220-221, YB02.224
existence of, YB02.216
proof of, YB02.216
government, YB02.209, YB02.238
India Act, see India Act
infringement of, YB02.215, YB02.216
justification for, YB02.216
interpretation of, YB02.215-217
justification for, YB02.216
land title, YB02.213-214, YB02.217-220, YB02.239
litigation, YB02.217-220
nature of, YB02.215
negotiation of, YB02.237-239
post-Confederation treaties, YB02.213-215
pre-Confederation treaties, YB02.212-213
protection of, YB02.238
recognition of, YB02.209, YB02.217, YB02.238
reconciliation, YB02.216-217
referendum, YB02.230-231
regulation of, YB02.209-210
case law, by, YB02.209, YB02.211, YB02.224
statute, by, YB02.209, YB02.211, YB02.214-215, YB02.223-226, YB02.238
reservation system, YB02.213
Royal proclamation, YB02.211-212
statutes, YB02.209, YB02.211, YB02.214-215, YB02.223-226, YB02.238
application of, YB02.225
British Columbia Treaty Process, YB02.228-230
Federal Comprehensive Claims Policy, YB02.226-227
infringement of, YB02.224-225
interpretation of, YB02.223-226
principles of, YB02.230-231
Cape York Land Council
centralism of mining laws, YB96.167-168, YB96.169-170
mine closure experience, YB96.442-443
native title, response to proposed changes
applications
acceptance procedures, YB95.481
preliminary vetting, YB95.481, YB95.482-483
mediation process, YB95.481–482
procedural improvements, recommendations for, YB95.483–485
Capital gains tax (CGT)
compensation payments, J99.86-87, J99.88, J99.89
scrip for scrip rollover relief, YB01.39-40
Capital reduction, see Reduction of capital
Caps, YB93.107, YB93.123–125
Carbon credits, see Greenhouse gas emissions
carbon rights
trading, J02.137-138
Carbon rights (NSW)
amendment of legislation, J99.3
electricity and energy services, J99.3
forestry, J99.3
sequestration rights, J99.3
Causation
Civil Liability Act 2002, YB04.136–7, YB04.154–5
equitable compensation, YB04.126–130
factual, YB04.136
misleading and deceptive conduct and, YB04.150–2
negligence and, YB04.149–50
principles of, YB04.149
scope of liability, YB04.136
Caveats
non-consent caveat on mining lease, extension of, J00.106-107
royalty agreements, YB93.253
CERD Committee
establishment, YB00.69
functions, YB00.69
members, YB00.69
Native Title Act, consideration of, YB00.69-73
power to enforce views, YB00.73
report to General Assembly, YB00.73
Certainty
commercial contracts, in, YB03.604
Certiorari, YB96.544-545, YB96.548-549
Chile
foreign investment in minerals, YB94.280
China
foreign investment in minerals, YB94.281
large emerging economy, YB04.60
China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Association (CIETAC), YB03.35, YB03.193–194
China, People’s Republic of, see People’s Republic of China
Choice of law
project rating, risk in relation to, YB99.21-22
Choice of law rules, YB00.36, YB00.47-50
double actionability rule, YB00.48-49, YB00.50
Esmerelda case, YB00.49-50
international torts, YB00.36, YB00.47-50
Ok Tedi case, YB00.48-49
Civil jurisdiction
offshore units, J99.24
Civil Liability Act 2002
causation, YB04.136–7, YB04154–5
contracting out of requirements, YB04.135
impact of, YB04.134, YB04.154
Ipp Report, YB04.135
liability for harm, YB04.135–6
Civil penalties
exposure of answerer to, YB04.92
Claims
proprietary and personal, YB04.124
remedies, distinguished, YB04.124
Class actions, see Representative proceedings
Clean up
defined, YB93.44
vendor’s undertaking, YB93.49–50
Clearing house, YB93.102
Climate change
Australian legislative regime, YB02.71-73
conflict of interest, YB02.84-86
emission scheme design, YB02.84-94
emission taxes, YB02.80-84
external affairs powers, YB02.79
generator efficiency standards, YB02.78
impediments, YB02.73
implementation of emission scheme design, YB02.89-94
industry regulation, YB02.74, YB02.78-79
international treaties, ratification of, YB02.79
limitations on government powers, YB02.71, YB02.73, YB02.79-84
mandatory renewable energy, YB02.74
mandatory schemes, YB02.75-78
transitional arrangements, YB02.86-87
Australian policy, YB03.300–302
Emissions, see Emissions
EU policy, YB03.304–305
global approach, YB02.69
greenhouse gas, YB02.49
multilateral action, YB02.71-73
Kyoto Protocol, see Kyoto Protocol
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
response, YB02.71
constitutional limitations, YB02.71
government powers, restrictions, YB02.71, YB02.73, YB02.79-84
legislative, see Australian legislative regime above
United States policy, YB03.306–307
US/Australian partnership, YB02.68-69
effectiveness of, YB02.68
projects, YB02.68-69
Closed court
confidentiality regime, YB04.94
Closure of mines, see Decommissioning and rehabilitation
COAG Energy Markets Review
abuse of monopoly power, YB04.358
background, YB04.365–6
energy market regulation, YB04.357, YB04.387
efficiency, promotion of, YB04.358
existing regime, YB04.359
quality and reliability, YB04.358
successful, YB04.358–9
findings, YB04.366–7
impact of report, YB04.368
members, YB04.366
National Competition Policy, YB04.359–61
recommendations, YB04.367–8, YB04.416
Coal
Australia as world’s largest exporter, YB01.3
coal gas seam regime (Qld), J03.18-20, J03.410-412
compensation
just and equitable (NSW), J04.15, J04.220-222
mine safety, J03.9-12
prices
long-term, YB01.136
spot, YB01.136
royalty system, J04.222-223
top four export producers, YB01.3
Coal assets, sale and purchase
ACCC, review by, YB01.137-138
bid, structure of, YB01.130-131
coal sales contracts
assignment to purchaser, YB01.135
continued operation of, YB01.135
high volume and long term, YB01.136
competition, lessening, YB01.137-138
confidentiality obligations, YB01.126-128
consents, obtaining, YB01.143
continued operation of, YB01.134
due diligence
detailed, YB01.129-130
initial, YB01.126
inquiries by purchaser, YB01.143-153
packaging the assets, in, YB01.128
process, YB01.133
targeting the purchaser, YB01.129
foreign investment law, YB01.136-138
government approvals of, YB01.136-138
identification of coal asset, YB01.138-139
joint ventures, YB01.116-125
assignment, YB01.118-122, YB01.142
change of control clauses, YB01.124-125, YB01.142
consents, YB01.143
corporate restructure, YB01.125
injunction
assignment restriction, to prevent sale in breach of, YB01.121
pre-emptive rights, to stop sales breaching, YB01.124
ownership by, YB01.116, YB01.139
proof, YB01.140
pre-emptive rights, YB01.122-124, YB01.141-142
right of first refusal of participants, YB01.122
tag-along rights, YB01.125
unincorporated, YB01.139
waivers, YB01.143
legal role, YB01.115-116
misleading or deceptive conduct, YB01.130
operations
continuation of, YB01.134
production contracts, YB01.135
statutory approvals for, YB01.134-135
ownership
establishing, YB01.140
proof of, YB01.138-139
structure, YB01.116-118
packaging of the assets, YB01.116-125
due diligence, YB01.128
practical legal issues, YB01.133
proof of ownership
joint venture interest, YB01.140
sale of shares, YB01.140-141
purchaser
due diligence, YB01.130, YB01.143-153
employment structures, review of, YB01.135
practical legal issues, YB01.133
risk management, YB01.133, YB01.143
targeting, YB01.129
warranties to be offered to, YB01.126
registration of legal/equitable interests, YB01.135
risk management by purchaser, YB01.133, YB01.143
securities over interest, YB01.142
statutory approvals of operations, YB01.134
structure of, determining, YB01.126
third party securities, YB01.142-143
time frame, YB01.126-130
vendor
due diligence, YB01.130
shareholder of asset holder, as, YB01.127
waivers, obtaining, YB01.143
warranties to be offered to purchaser, YB01.126
valid consents, as to, YB01.134
coal compensation
acquisition, J02.114-118, J03.125-127
acquisition of property on just terms, J01.8-12
late lodgement of appeal, J01.102
leave to intervene, J01.102-103
loss for capital gains tax, J01.212-213
loss of rates, J02.2-6
Coal Compensation Scheme (NSW)
closure, B94.107
Coal Acquisition Act 1982 (NSW), B94.107
Coal Compensation Board, B94.107
eligibility to claim, B94.108
coal-fired electricity plants, YB00.283, YB00.305
capital costs, YB00.289, YB00.290
emissions, YB00.291
integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, YB00.293-295
new technologies, YB00.292-295
pressurised fluid bed combustors (PFBC), YB00.295
super-critical coal-fired plants, YB00.292-293
compensation formula, meaning of items (NSW), J00.1
mining and petroleum industries, overlap (Qld), J00.6-7
swaps and borrows, GST issues, YB00.453
New Zealand, YB93.421
supply contracts, challenging (NSW), J00.20-25
Coal fired power stations
greenhouse gas emissions, YB01.287
natural gas and, YB01.287
Coal Mines Regulation Act 1982 (NSW)
approval to proceed under, YB95.34
Coal mining—see also Mining
approval for second workings, J99.6
Coal Acquisition (Compensation) Arrangements (NSW), J99.206
coal compensation, J97.193-194, J98.10-12, J98.90-93, J98.349
compensation claim, limitation (NSW), J99.206-208
Court of Coal Mines Regulation, J97.193
deposits, YB97.323-324
Australian, YB97.324
development, YB97.326
exploration, YB97.325
feasibility assessment, YB97.326
flood prone land, J99.6
geology, YB97.321-322
handling and preparation, YB97.338-339
health and safety obligations, J99.203-204
declared plant manager, J99.203-204
mine manager, J99.203
owner, J99.203
history, YB97.320-321
judicial review of Coal Compensation Review Tribunal decision, J98.10
marketing, YB97.342
mine management, YB97.344
environment, YB97.346
industrial relations, YB97.345
productivity, YB97.345
return on investment, YB97.346
safety, YB97.344
mine-safety management plans, B96.95
mining lease application over ground subject to, J99.120-121
Moura inquiry, B96.93–99
new NSW regulations, J99.202-205
open cut, NSW regulation, J99.204
operations
production, YB97.343
spontaneous combustion management, B96.95
Staunton Report, J98.245-249
surface mining, YB97.328-331
mining the coal, YB97.330
overburden removal, YB97.328
recent developments, YB97.330
surface reclamation, YB97.330
transport, YB97.339
Tribunal decision, J98.10
underground mining, YB97.331-338
emergency response, YB97.338
gas management, YB97.337
longwall, YB97.334-336
room and pillar, YB97.333
services, YB97.336
spontaneous combustion, YB97.338
subsidence, YB97.338
ventilation, YB97.337
underground, NSW regulation, J99.204-205
uses of coal, YB97.339-342
Coal seam gas
adequacy of law, J01.258-285
conflict over, J01.261-262
extraction, impact on coal mining (Qld), J00.6-7
legislative framework, J01.262-270, J01.276-283
options, J01.271-276
proposals, J01.283-284
Queensland legislation, proposals for, J00.6-7
Coal seam methane
new fields, development of, YB04.389–90
Code of Conduct for Landholders and Mineral Explorers
access agreement
binding on both parties, B94.144
reference to arbitrator, B94.144
purpose, B94.144
rights of farmers/landholders, B94.144
Code of Practice for Explorers and Landholders, B94.144
Codes of practice, YB96.461-462
Collars, YB93.107, YB93.123–125
Collective bargaining
injunction against refusal to allow, J00.25-34
Colombia
allocation of formal mining titles, YB04.62
Colony
acquisitions by, YB02.97-100
classification of, YB02.96-101
common law, at
application of, YB02.96-100, YB02.105
recognition of, YB02.102, YB02.105
settlement of, YB02.96-101, YB02.104, YB02.105
sovereignty, YB02.104-105, YB02.107
Commercial relationships
equitable obligations, YB04.118
fiduciary duties, YB04.116
Commission of Inquiry
Commissioner, report by, YB95.30
court procedures, growing similarity to, YB95.49–50
Minister, decision by, YB95.30–31
objection to mining project, where, YB95.29
procedures, YB95.29–30
review, establishment of working party, YB95.56–57
Commodity agreement, YB93.127—see also Copper loans
Commodity loans, YB93.100
Commodity price volatility
project rating, YB99.6
Common law
aboriginal rights under, YB02.95, YB02.96, YB02.99, YB02.102, YB02.105-106, YB02.112, YB02.123-124
changes to, YB02.103
limitation of, YB02.103
co-existence, YB02.109
legal relationship, YB02.110
colony at
application of, YB02.96-100, YB02.105
recognition of, YB02.102, YB02.105
minerals and, YB02.110-111
native title, at, see Native title
pastoral lease, YB02.109
rights under, YB02.102
aboriginal, see Aboriginal rights
acceptance of, YB02.102
assumption of, YB02.102
unjust discrimination, YB02.102
Common Mining Code
development, YB04.37
Commonwealth
appeal by, from Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth, YB94.566
judicial power, YB94.75
legislative power, implied restrictions by Constitution on, YB94.66
Western Australia’s pending action with, on validity of native title legislation, YB94.73
Commonwealth powers see also Constitution, YB96.176-177
Community Aid Abroad (CAA) Ombudsman, YB00.61
Companies and Securities Advisory Committee (CASAC)
continuous disclosure, YB96.387
related party transactions, YB96.409-411
Company
Directors, see Company directors
Indemnity, see Indemnity
Insolvency, see Insolvency
Liability, see Liability
Resource, see Resource company
Company directors
annual report
disclosure, YB99.511-512
environmental performance, YB99.511-512
expert's report
duty to provide reliable information, YB99.469
duty to scrutinise, YB99.469-471
issues for, YB99.463
liability, YB99.472
insolvent companies
failure to accept situation, YB99.81
ignorance as to options, YB99.82
receivership, effect on, YB99.55-57
dispute as to exercise of powers, YB99.56
receiver's right to exercise powers, YB99.55-56
report as to companies affairs, YB99.57
voluntary administration, effect on, YB99.58-59
dealings with company property, YB99.58-59
delivery of books and records, YB99.59
remaining in office, YB99.58
report as to companies affairs, YB99.59
Compensation, see also Damages
authority to prospect, YB04.564
breach of statutory duty, for, YB02.429
cause of action, YB02.421
coal, see coal; coal compensation
Coal Acquisition (Compensation) Arrangements (NSW), J99.206
coal claim, limitation (NSW), J99.206-208
compulsory acquisition, YB02.121
conduct of operations, YB04.564
damages, see contract
definition, J00.44
determination of J03.17-18
electricity supply disruption (Vic), J99.213-214
future act regime, YB02.178, YB02.182, YB02.186, YB02.187
injurious affection, YB04.561–3, YB04.570–1
consequential damages and, YB04.565–7
appeal, decision on, YB04.567–9
interpretation, YB04.565–7
legal expenses, YB04.570
Mining on Private Land Act 1909, YB04.568
New South Wales, YB04.571–2
Northern Territory, YB04.572–3
Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld), application of, YB04.564, YB04.573
Queensland, YB04.571
South Australia, YB04.572
Tasmania, YB04.572
Victoria, YB04.571
Western Australia, YB04.572
landholders’ rights (NSW), J99.106
liability for
public bodies, YB02.421, YB02.423, YB02.443
public officer, YB02.421, YB02.423, YB02.443
loss of amenity (Vic), J00.111-112, J00.203
measure of, YB04.564, YB04.570
Mineral Resources Act (Qld), claims under, J99.82-89
additional amount, J99.85
appeal, conduct of, J99.88
assessment of amount, J99.83
capital gains tax, J99.86-87, J99.88, J99.89
disturbance, J99.87
inspection of land, J99.84
Land and Resources Tribunal constitution, J99.81
loss of profit, J99.85
mining sales, J99.86
outcome of appeals, J99.88-89
status and use premium, J99.84-85
minerals and petroleum, YB02.198, YB02.199
mining see Compensation for mining
loss of productivity or damage caused by, YB95.19–20
Papua New Guinea, in—see Papua New Guinea
mining lease, see mining lease, J03.131-132, J03.409
mining lease, under, YB02.199
motor accidents, J03.6-7
native title, J01.286-305, J03.407, see also Native title
Native Title Act, claims under, YB02.133
native title agreements, YB00.538-543
amount of, YB00.538
continuing compensation exposures, YB00.542-543
full satisfaction, YB00.551
impact on land during life of mine, YB00.541
NNTT conditions, YB00.540
non-monetary compensation, YB00.542
`price of consent', YB00.541-542
relevant principles, YB00.538-539
State principles, YB00.538-539, YB00.540-541
native title, for loss or impairment of, J00.44-53
agreement-based compensation, J00.44, 46-49
commercial payments distinguished, J00.44-46
different dimensions of native title, J00.50-52
legislative frameworks, J00.45
value of act’s effect on native title, J00.49
native title rights, loss or impairment of, J99.253-266
future acts, provisions for, J99.255
intellectual property, J99.259
just terms, calculating, J99.255-257, J99.264-265
Native Title Act provisions, J99.253-255
personal injury and damages, J99.259-260
property law principles, J99.257-259
property valuation methodologies, J99.260-265
similar compensable interest test, J99.265-266
negligence, loss caused by, YB02.430-431
“off-licence” property owners (Vic), J00.111-112
Petroleum Act 1923 (Qld), under, J04.21-22
petroleum pipeline easement (Qld), J00.4-5
representative proceedings, see Representative proceedings
resources, YB02.206
right to negotiate, YB02.186-187
surface, J02.25, J02.42-43
surface access, J01.19-28, J01.109, J01.110, J01.220-221
tailings, YB93.329
“unknown landholders” (NSW), J99.106
water, YB02.120
workers compensation, J03.6-7
Compensation for mining
amount and approach, YB99.326-327
determination, YB99.326
land purchase, whether constitutes, YB99.327
New South Wales, YB99.327-330
compensable loss, YB99.328, 330
development consent, YB99.329
entitlement of landholder, YB99.329
Environemental Planning & Assessment Act 1979, YB99.329
improvements, damage to, YB99.329
legislative provisions, YB99.350-351
Mine Subsidence Compensation Act 1961, YB99.329-330
Mining Act 1992, YB99.328-329
other states compared, YB99.330
Petroleum (On Shore) Act 1991, YB99.330
statutory rights, YB99.327-339
principles, YB99.327
Queensland, YB99.344-348
adjustment for previous amounts, YB99.347
agreement of parties, YB99.347
assessment of amount, YB99.345
At Risk agreements, YB99.330, YB00.340, YB00.345-346
deprivation of possession, YB99.344
diminution of value, YB99.344
entitlement, YB99.344, YB99.346
hardship, definition, YB99.346
land acquisition rights, YB99.346
legislative provisions, YB99.351-352
Mineral Resources Act 1989, YB99.344-345
mining lease conditions, YB99.344
Petroleum Act 1923, YB99.346-348
South Australia, YB99.336-339
agreement of parties, YB99.337, YB99.338
amount, YB99.337
consequential damage, YB99.338
Crown ownership, YB99.336
damage to land, YB99.337, YB99.338-339
deprivation of possession, YB99.337
deprivation of use and enjoyment, YB99.338
entitlement, YB99.337
legislative provisions, YB99.352
licence conditions, YB99.336
Mining Act 1971, YB99.336-338
mining operations, meaning, YB99.337
Petroleum Bill 1998, YB99.338-339
Tasmania, YB99.330-331
compensable loss, YB99.331
Crown land, YB99.331
legislative provisions, YB99.352
Mineral Resources Development Act 1995, YB99.330-331
private land, YB99.331
Victoria, YB99.339-343
agreement of parties, YB99.341
damage to land, YB99.340, YB99.342
deprivation of possession, YB99.340, YB99.342
determination of amount, YB99.342
entitlement, YB99.340, YB99.343
legislative provisions, YB99.353
Mineral Resources Development Act 1990, YB99.339-341
Petroleum Act 1958, YB99.341-342
Petroleum Act 1998, YB99.342-343
Western Australia, YB99.331-335
agreement of parties, YB99.335
compulsory acquisition, YB99.330
consequential damage, YB99.335
Crown land, YB99.331
entitlement, YB99.333
impacts on nearby land, YB99.334, YB99.335
land near crops, houses or improvements, YB99.332
leasehold interests, YB99.334
legislative provisions, YB99.353-354
licence conditions, YB99.332
Mining Act 1978, YB99.331-334
Petroleum Act 1967, YB99.335
private land, YB99.332
quantum, YB99.333
reserves, YB99.332
resumption of land, YB99.332, YB99.335
specific projects, YB99.334-335
Competition
access arrangements, see Access
access to infrastructure, J97.212-30
Agreement to Implement the National Policy and Related Reforms, YB04.182
anti-competitive conduct, J97.269-270
arrangements substantially lessening
joint ventures, issues for, YB03.63
prohibition, YB03.63
bottlenecks, YB04.182–3
Competition Principles Agreement, YB04.182, YB04.191, YB04.197
electricity supply, J97.196-197
facilities of national significance, YB04.181–2
Gas Act 1997 (SA), J97.108-111
gas sale contract, J97.258-273
legislation and case law
Australia, YB04.201–2, YB04.204
Europe, YB04.201, YB04.204
United States of America, YB04.201–2
lessen competition, J97.86-88
National Competition Policy, YB04.359–61
Productivity Commission Review, YB04.198–9
public interest, YB04.181–2
assessment of, YB04.197–8
public private partnerships, YB03.73
reform, YB02.407-411
relevant market, J97.261-267
Trade Practices legislation, YB04.181, YB04.183–4
reforms, YB04.182
Competition law
Australian, see Australian competition law
International, see International competition law
Competition Policy Reform Bill 1995 (Cth)
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), introduction of national access regime, YB95.254, YB95.374-376
Competition policy reforms—see Access
Competition Principles Agreement
access regime principles (State or Territory), B96.72–74
access undertakings to the ACC, B96.81–83
accommodation of requirements, YB95.379
accreditation of “effective” access regimes, B96.79–81
dispute resolution, YB95.380
right of appeal, YB95.380
enforcement, YB95.378
existing rights, compensation for, YB95.383
extension of facility, YB95.381–382
financial statements, availability of, YB95.384–385
flexibility of access, YB95.379–380
hindrance to access, YB95.384
multiple State regimes, YB95.385
negotiation
establishment of process, YB95.377–378
lapse of right, YB95.378–379
protections for pipeline owner and existing users, B96.69–70
pricing issues, B96.68–69
renegotiation of arrangement, YB95.382
separate accounting arrangements, YB95.384
signing of, YB95.355–356
State or Territory schemes, interaction of Pt IIIA with, YB95.376
system extensions and capacity enhancements, B96.69–70
terms and conditions of access, YB95.376–377
criteria for, YB95.381
third-party access provisions, B96.62–67
Completion
greenfield project, YB03.99–100
projects, of, YB03.99–100, YB03.155–157
Compulsory acquisition
compensation, YB02.121
extinguishment of native title, YB02.121
listings, YB02.321
takeovers, YB02.322-323
third party benefit, for, YB02.121-122
Conditional purchase leases
extinguishment of native title, J00.92
Conditions
environmental matters, YB93.19–20, YB93.44–52
vendor warranties, YB93.47–48
Conduct money
subpoenas, compliance with, YB04.104
Confidential information, YB00.350
see also Intellectual property rights
new mining technologies, YB00.342-358
protection of, YB04.111–14
Confidentiality—see also Confidentiality agreements, Inspection
agreement upheld, J02.95-98
breach of, remedies for, YB02.601-605
closed court, YB04.94
coal assets, obligations concerning, YB01.126-128
joint venture agreement clauses, YB01.127
vendor as shareholder of asset holder, YB01.127
commercially sensitive information, distinguished, YB01.127
conflict of interest, see Conflict of interest
duration of, YB02.594-601
duty of, YB93.238, YB02.583
notification of, YB04.95
obligation of, YB04.93
obligations, YB02.591-594
implied, YB02.591-594
Confidentiality agreements, YB93.194–220
assignment of rights, YB93.208–209
benefits, YB93.194–195
disclosure of negotiations, YB93.203–204
exclusion, YB93.205–206
exclusive area of interest, YB93.201–203
identification of confidential information, YB93.199–200
jurisdiction, YB93.210–211
justified disclosure, YB93.206–207
limitation on liability, YB93.208
limitation on use, YB93.201
receiving party’s responsibility, YB93.204–205
records, YB93.200
remedies, YB93.210
representations about accuracy, YB93.209–210
return of confidential information, YB93.207–208
scope of duty, YB93.217–218
sources of duty, YB93.214–217
terms, YB93.198–211
time limitation, YB93.209
whether obligation exists, YB93.195–198
Confidential statements
anonymity of sources, J00.228
obligations of journalists, J00.228-229
Conflict of interest
confidentiality, YB02.583, YB02.586-590
nature of, YB02.590
vulnerability, YB02.589
fiduciary duty, YB02.581, YB02.583-586
avoidance of, YB02.583
protection from, YB02.581
member of Land and Resources Tribunal (Qld), J03. 16-17
misuse of information, YB02.606
Consent deed
contents, YB03.133–134
cure period, YB03.138
direct performance undertaking in favour of financiers, YB03.139
equity party, YB03.141
overview, YB03.133
receivers and managers
appointment, YB03.134
performance of contract by, YB03.134
specific performance of counterparty’s obligations, YB03.138
subcontracts, YB03.140
subordination, YB03.140
Consent determinations, YB02.172-174, YB02.240, YB02.249-253
benefits of, YB02.252
credibility, YB02.250, YB02.251
limitation of, YB02.252
principles of, YB02.250-252
requirements for, YB02.252
specificity, YB02.250
transparency, YB02.250, YB02.252
Consequential loss
exemption clauses for
joint operating agreements, YB94.163
third party contracts, YB94.171
Conservation, see also Environmental issues
position of mining industry, YB96.205
Conservation zone
Aboriginal relics, liability for damage to, J99.7-8
Constitution
acquisition power, YB96.180-181, J98.7-10
corporations power, YB96.177-178
defence power, YB96.177
Commonwealth legislative powers, implied restrictions on, YB94.66
external affairs power, YB96.178-180
racial discrimination laws made pursuant to, YB94.37
immunity of instrumentalities, doctrine of, YB94.66
interpretation, in first 20 years of federation, YB94.66
just terms compensation: J98.7-10
laws “with respect to mining”, YB96.176
race power, J98.216-227, J98.283
reserved State powers, doctrine of, YB94.66
trade and commerce power, YB96.176-177
validity of Native Title Amendment Act, J98.216-227, J98.283
Constitutional validity
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), YB94.49, J98.216-227, J98.283
Chapter III, failure to satisfy, YB94.75
assessors in Federal Court proceedings, YB94.82
exclusive jurisdiction vested in Federal Court, YB94.75
powers of Tribunal, YB94.77
High Court decision on, YB94.84
inconsistency between Commonwealth and Western Australian Acts, YB94.83
judicial power of Commonwealth, YB94.76
State governmental functions, interference with, YB94.65
the corporations power, YB94.64
the external affairs power, YB94.58, YB94.71
the race power, YB94.50
the Territories power, YB94.63
Petroleum (Australia-Indonesia Zone of Co-operation) (Consequential Provisions) Act 1990 (Cth), of, YB94.556
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), of, YB94.37
construction
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999 (NSW), J04.103-111
security of payment legislation (Qld, J04. 22-25
Construction contracts—see Contracts, construction
Construction Contracts Act 2004 (WA), YB04.159
construction work, definition, YB04.161
related goods and services, definition, YB04.162
Construction industry
works, definition, YB04.160–1
Construction Industry Development Agency (CIDA)
forms of contracts, review of, YB95.61
Construction of terms
deviation, YB02.450
four corners rule, YB02.450-451
limitation clauses
drafting of, YB02.460-461
`main purpose', YB02.450
misdescription, YB02.450
voidable, YB02.451
wilful breach, YB02.449
Construction risk, B96.179–189, B96.212–213
Abrahamson principles, B96.180–181
BOT project model, B96.188
breach of duty, YB99.7
concept of “completion”, B96.182, B96.185–186
contractors’ approach, B96.180–182
contracts, B96.188–189
costs, B96.179
delay in completion, YB99.7-8
design risk, YB99.7
early completion, YB99.8
early identification, B96.183–184
financiers’ approach, B96.188
force majeure, YB99.8
independent engineer's role, YB99.6-7
investment grade contractor as `equity', YB99.9
method of payment, B96.182–183
mining industry, YB99.9
no blanket contract, YB99.7
“No Dispute” report, B96.180–181
project finance, B96.180
project rating, YB99.6-10
resource projects, YB99.9-10
Constructive trust, YB93.238, YB93.239, YB93.240
imposition of, YB04.124
Consultants
mine proposals, YB93.364–365
Consultative Committee on Safety in the Offshore Petroleum Industry
(COSOP), YB96.476, YB96.479, YB96.507, YB96.508-511, YB96.535
Consumer protection
legislation, YB93.63–64
Contaminated land, J97.194-196
anti-avoidance, J99.69
Contaminated Land Management Act 1997, J99.63-70
Environmental Protection Authority powers, J99.65
occupiers, position of, J99.63, J99.67
investigation or remediation orders, J99.67
appropriate person, J99.67-68
failure to comply, J99.69
legislation, YB93.7–10
liability of directors and managers, J99.63, J99.69
notional owner of land, J99.67, 68
outline of NSW legislation, J99.63
past contamination, responsibility for, J99.63
“polluter pays” principle, J99.63, J99.66-67
public authority, recovery of costs by, J99.69
public register, J99.70
reporting risk of harm, J99.63, 68
responsibility for, J99.65-68
risk-based approach, J99.65-66
“significant risk of harm”, meaning, J99.64-65
site auditors, accreditation, J99.70
voluntary investigation and remediation, J99.63, J99.68-69
Contamination
Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites (ANZECC), YB04.443–5
best practice contamination assessment principles, YB04.445–6
definition, YB04.439
Ecological Risk Assessments (ERA), YB04.442
Ecologically-based Investigation Levels (EILs), YB04.441–2
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), YB04.462
Environmental Management Overview Strategy (EMOS), YB04.460
future activities, YB04.460, YB04.463, YB04.465–6, YB04.469, YB04.472, YB04.475, YB04.477
groundwater, see Water
Groundwater Investigation Levels (GILs), YB04.441–2
Health-based Investigation Levels (HILs), YB04.441, YB04.443
investigations
detailed, YB04.440–1
guidelines, YB04.441–3
preliminary, YB04.440
risk assessment, YB04.441
land management
New South Wales, YB04.448–50, YB04.462–5
Northern Territory, YB04.547–9, YB04.477–8
Queensland, YB04.446–8, YB04.459–62
South Australia, YB04.454–5, YB04.471–4
Tasmania, YB04.452–3, YB04.468–71
Victoria, YB04.450–5, YB04.465–8
Western Australia, YB04.455–7, YB04.474–7
legacy issues, YB04.462, YB04.465, YB04.468, YB04.471, YB04.474, YB04.476–7, YB04.479
liability
New South Wales, YB04.449, YB04.450
Northern Territory, YB04.457–9
Queensland, YB04.446, YB04.448, YB04.461–2
South Australia, YB04.454, YB04.455
Tasmania, YB04.452, YB04.453
Victoria, YB04.450–1, YB04.452
Western Australia, YB04.455–6, YB04.457
mining legislation, YB04.460–1, YB04.463–4, YB04.466–7, YB04.470, YB04.472–3, YB04.475–6, YB04.478–9
National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure 1999, YB04.440–5
ANZECC, comparison with, YB04.444
National Environmental Protection Measure (NEPM) regime, YB04.439
notification requirements, YB04.447, YB04.449, YB04.451, YB04.453, YB04.454, YB04.456, YB04.458
offences and penalties
New South Wales, YB04.450
Northern Territory, YB04.458
Queensland, YB04.448
South Australia, YB04.454–5
Tasmania, YB04.453
Victoria, YB04.451–2
Western Australia, YB04.457
pre-existing, YB04.459–60, YB04.463, YB04.465, YB04.469, YB04.472, YB04.475, YB04.477
project development
New South Wales, YB04.462–3
Northern Territory, YB04.477–8
Queensland, YB04.459–60
South Australia, YB04.471–2
Tasmania, YB04.468–9
Victoria, YB04.465–6
Western Australia, YB04.474–5
regime
Contaminated Sites Act 2003 (WA), J04.139-142
rehabilitation and post closure liability
New South Wales, YB04.464–5
Northern Territory, YB04.479
Queensland, YB04.461–2
South Australia, YB04.473–4
Tasmania, YB04.470–1
Victoria, YB04.467–8
Western Australia, YB04.476–7
remediation process, YB04.447–8, YB04.456
site, assessment of, YB04.440–1, YB04.456
soil, YB04.439
State Environmental Planning Policies (SEPPs), YB04.449–50, YB04.451
Continental margin
definition of jurisdiction, B95.2
Continental shelf
Commonwealth sovereignty, YB00.93, YB00.95, YB00.176
definition, YB00.154
delimitation under UNCLOS, YB00.168
sovereign rights, YB00.154
Timor Gap Treaty, see Timor Gap Treaty
Continental Shelf Convention 1958
abandoned or disused oil or gas platforms to be removed, B95.229
delimitation clauses, B95.3
Continuous disclosure
AMPLA Conference discussion, YB96.424-430
ASIC
interest of, YB03.466
matters to be contained in written procedures, YB03.46–467
ASX Listing Rule 3.1, YB96.387, YB96.395-396
ASX Listing Rules, YB03.451, YB03.452
compliance policy, importance of, YB03.464
compliance program, effectiveness of, YB03.458–460
Australian Standard 3806, YB03.462
confidential information, YB96.403, YB03.462-463
Corporate Law Reform Act reforms, YB96.388
current environment, YB02.339
“disclosing entity”, YB96.388-389, YB96.391
draft policy on, YB03.470–480
ED securities, YB96.389-391
equal access to information, YB02.339
information management program
board level commitment, YB03.460
building, YB03.469
development and implementation, YB03.454
object, YB03.455
information to be disclosed, YB96.428-429
level of disclosure required, YB96.402-403
manuals detailing compliance provisions, YB03.460
media rumours, responding to, YB03.456–457
meeting obligations, YB03.454
non-compliance
consequences of, YB03.464
risk, identifying key areas of, YB03.464
obligations, YB96.392, YB02.339
origins, YB96.387-388
policy, YB02.340
prospectus contents, YB96.401-402
Pt A statements, YB96.404-406
regime, YB02.339-340
compliance, YB02.341
effectiveness of, YB02.340
exceptions, YB02.340-341
fine tuning, YB02.341
market-based, YB02.340
objectives, YB02.342
remedies, YB02.341
role of ASX, YB96.396-397
s 1001A liability, YB96.392-394
s 1022AA, YB96.400-401
selective disclosure, YB03.456
supplementary prospectuses, YB96.398-399
timing of disclosure, YB96.429-430
transaction specific prospectuses, YB96.399
unlisted entities, YB96.397-398
what has to be disclosed, YB03.452–454
Contract—see also Royalties agreements
agreements to agree, YB01.382, YB01.402-411
all reasonable endeavours clauses, YB01.382
arbitration clauses, J03.161-167
article fettering right or capacity of shareholder to dispose of shares, B95.189–190
best efforts clauses, YB01.382
best endeavours clauses, YB01.382
co-operation as principle of construction, YB01.385-391
boilerplate clauses, J04.147-155
assignment, prohibition on, J04.148-153
corporate veil, J04.149
entire agreement, J04.153-155
breach, see Breach of contract
breach of coal supply, J02.9-12
caveat to protect interest, B94.66–67
compensatory remedies, YB04.123
construction, see Contracts, construction
contractual claims, exclusion by joint venture agreement, YB04.141–3
co-operation
duty as to, YB01.382-385
express terms requiring, YB01.381
fidelity to bargain, YB01.423
implied term, YB01.383-384
principle of construction, YB01.385-391
damages, J03.231, J03.234-237
declaratory order sought, B94.13
duty of good faith, J03.233-234
enforceability, J01.312-325
enforcement of, YB02.2
engineer, procure and construct, J03.50-61
equitable lien for unpaid vendor, B94.23
establishing meaning of term, J03.122-125
estoppel, J03.416-418
express terms, see Express terms
fair dealing, YB01.382-401, YB01.415
general obligation, YB01.418
international contract law, YB01.417
fiduciary obligations and, YB04.118–19
force majeure clauses, see Force majeure clauses
formation, timing of, YB01.382, YB01.402
good faith, J02.179-184
good faith performance, YB01.382-401, YB01.415
definition, YB01.391-392
explanatory function, YB01.420
express agreement, YB01.391
general obligation, YB01.418
implied requirement, YB01.382, YB01.394-401
independent function, YB01.420
international contract law, YB01.417
obligations, YB01.382
government—see Sovereign risk
implied obligations, J02.179-184
implied terms, B94.18–20, see Implied terms
insurance policies, see insurance
intention to be bound, J01.312-325
interim injunction sought restraining of asset, B95.188–189, B95.192
joint venture agreements, see joint ventures
joint ventures, see joint ventures
liquefied natural gas, see Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
long-term contracting, YB01.381
management, J03.61-65
memorandum enforceable, J02.140-141
mining see Mining contract
offer withdrawn, J02.9-12
People’s Republic of China, see People’s Republic of China
performance of, YB02.2, 34
duty of, YB02.2, YB02.12
good faith, in, YB02.34
pre-emption clause, see joint ventures
privacy of information, see Privity of contract
process contract, J04.45-46
enforceability of, J04.45-46
process engineering, see process engineering
reasonable endeavours clauses, YB01.382
co-operation as principle of construction, YB01.385-391
specific performance
sought, B95.186
claim not made out, B95.191–192
state agreement
interpretation of, J04.39-44
tenders, see tenders
termination of, see Termination of contract
unconscionability, YB01.415
international contract law, YB01.419
unconscionable conduct, J03.117-119
whether binding, B94.12
Contract law
classical, YB01.375
derivative, YB01.416
discrete vs relational, YB01.375-377, YB01.415
dynamic nature, YB01.374, YB01.415
fairness, concept of, YB01.414
flexible standards, YB02.2-3
globalisation, effect of, YB01.416
internationalisation of, YB01.416
multifaceted nature, YB01.374
open-textured, YB02.2
Principles of European Contract Law, YB01.417
process, contract as, YB01.376
purposive approach, YB01.380
relational vs discrete, YB01.375-377, YB01.415
trend towards imposition of just solutions, YB01.380
UNIDROIT’s Principles of International Commercial Contract, YB01.417
United States, YB02.2
Contracts
coal supply contracts, challenging (NSW), J00.20-25
energy trading, J00.121-127
authority to enter contracts, J00.124
estoppel, J00.123
hedging contracts, J00.121-127
mistake, J00.123
trade practices claims, J00.123-124
gas supply contract, delivery point (Qld), J99.107-108
GST, transitional provisions, J99.58-60
heads of agreement, whether binding, J99.115-117
ISDA Master Agreement, J00.122
relationship contracting, J99.97-98
restitution for unjust enrichment, J99.117-118
split commodity arrangement (WA), J99.115-118
terminating, where cost too high, J00.20-25
Contracts, construction
claims minimisation, YB03.220
contract administration, YB03.231
effective, YB03.220
debt recovery, YB04.170
definition, YB04.159–60, YB04.163
dispute resolution, YB03.220, YB03.232–238
drafting, YB03.221–222
energy and resource projects, YB04.163–4
exclusions, YB04.162
foreign contracts, YB03.223
geographical application, YB04.162–3
improved, YB97.132-133
partnering, YB97.133
payment, security of, YB04.157
New South Wales, YB04.158
Queensland, YB04.159
Victoria, YB04.158–9
Western Australia, YB04.159
performance, YB04.179–80
preparation of, YB03.221–231
team, by, YB03.222–223
progress payments
claiming, YB04.167–9
responding to claims, YB04.169
right to, YB04.165–7
project alliancing—see Alliances, project
recurring problems, YB03.219
risk allocation, YB03.219, YB03.221, YB03.239
risk identification, YB03.220
risk mitigation, YB03.219
scope of work, YB03.223–224
standard form contracts, YB03.226–231, YB04.167
suspension of work, YB04.170–1
time, YB03.224–226
traditional model, YB97.129-131
unambiguous contract, YB03.220
Contractors
occupational health and safety considerations, YB04.242–3
progress payments, right to, YB04.165–7
protection from harsh payment practices, YB04.157
Contractual obligations
agency, YB02.34
distributorship, YB02.34
franchise, YB02.34
good faith, of, YB02.34
performance of, YB02.34
relational contracts, under, YB02.34
Contributory negligence
Civil Liability Act 2002, YB04.138–9
equitable compensation and, YB04.125
expert's report, YB99.459-462, YB99.468-469
availability, YB99.461-462
contractual damages, YB99.460-461
control
change under shareholder agreement, J01.213-215
Control accounts, YB03.98–99
Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
committee to monitor compliance, see CERD Committee
complaint system, YB00.73
conversion
damages, J01.194
mining lease, J01.190-195
Co-operation
contract performance in, see Contract
natural gas industry, in, see Natural gas
Co-operative projects—see Alliances, project
Copper loans, YB93.82, YB93.100
Copper Mines of Tasmania Pty Ltd (Agreement) Act 1994
approval and ratification of operations at Mt Lyell, B95.101
environmental assessment processes, B95.101
Copyright, YB00.349
see also Intellectual property rights
computer software, YB00.349, YB00.355
design, overlap with, YB00.357
new mining technologies, YB00.342-358
corporate crimes
offshore, J02.104-110
workplace, J02.45- 46
Corporate fundraising
ASIC policy, YB00.421-423
CLERP amendments, YB00.409-429
disclosure documents, YB00.410
advertising restrictions, YB00.420
lodgment, YB00.421
offer information statements, see Offer information statements
profile statements, YB00.410
prospectus, see Prospectus
publicity restrictions, YB00.420
initial public offer, see Initial public offer (IPO)
prospectus, see Prospectus
small and medium enterprises (SMEs)
CLERP amendments to assist, YB00.411, YB00.413
costs, YB00.412
difficulties faced by, YB00.412-413
offer information statements, YB00.411, YB00.413, YB00.428-429
sophisticated investor exemption, YB00.413
Corporate governance
contemporary good governance ideas, YB04.65
directors' duties, YB02.630-632
duty to hedge, YB02.632-633
financial reporting process, YB02.345-346
governance quality, YB04.71–2
methods of, adequacy of, YB02.630
OECD guidelines, YB04.52, YB04.77
quantitative measures, YB04.71
soft-law guidelines, YB04.52
Corporate Law Reform Act
continuous disclosure, YB96.387-388
public companies and related parties, YB96.407
Corporate officer
indemnity—see Indemnity
liability
environment protection legislation, under—see Environment protection legislation
occupational health and safety legislation, under—see Occupational health and safety legislation
Corporate responsibility
occupational health and safety, YB04.227–8, YB04.237–8, YB04.244–5
elements, YB04.228
liability, conditions for, YB04.228–9
non-compliance, reducing the risk of, YB04.241–3
organisations, cultural change within, YB04.239–41, YB04.244–5
personal liability, increased, YB04.232–5
Corporate social responsibility
emerging field, YB04.57
Corporation(s)—see also Directors
breach of environment legislation
cases under State legislation, J00.151-153
Conservation Act
conflict of objectives with Corporations Law, J00.147-148
constitutional aspects, J00.155-156
liability of officers under, J00.153-155
corporate veil, piercing, YB04.51
criminal responsibility, J01.100-101
disclosure, YB04.73–4
duties, YB02.451
environmental liabilities, YB02.372
fines and civil penalties, J00.145
governance of, see Corporate governance
government-owned, YB93.184–193
liability of, YB02.451
liability of company officers, J00.145-156
misleading or deceptive conduct by, see Misleading or deceptive conduct
obligations of, YB02.451
occupational health and safety law
liability for breach, see safety
ownership and control, disclosure of, YB04.52
public, see Public company
regulation of, YB02.422
regulator of, YB02.346
ASIC, YB02.346
IOSCO, YB02.346
risk management, YB02.351, YB02.355, YB02.400
separate legal personality, YB04.51
State legislation, J00.148-153
Statutory, see Statutory corporation
transparency, YB04.73–4
Corporations and Securities Panel see Takeovers Panel
Corporations Law, see also Related party transactions
directors, duties of, YB95.182
indemnity of companies, removal of prohibition against, YB95.212
Pt 3.2A, YB96.407, YB96.411-417
Corporations Law Economic Reform Programme (CLERP)
fundraising amendments, YB00.409-429
history, YB00.408-409
offer information statements, see Offer information statements
securities, assessment as to, YB00.400
Corruption
contradictions between main principles, YB04.72
definition, YB00.2
international, see International bribery and corruption
international standards, YB04.53–4
Transparency International's annual corruption perception ranking, YB04.71
Costs
adequacy as remedy, YB03.19
commissioning, YB04.542
deducted from royalties, YB93.267–268
discovery, of, YB04.107
Land and Resources Tribunal (Queensland), J01.13-15, J01.114-116, J02.17-19, J02.128-129
non-party discovery, YB04.110
party and party basis, YB03.19
preliminary discovery, YB04.111
rehabilitation and de-commissioning, YB04.542–3
surface access, J01.222-223
Wardens Court, J02.139 140
Council of Australian Governments (COAG), YB96.3-4
Competition Principles Agreement, signing of, YB95.355–356
gas industry, implementation of national competition policy, YB95.316, YB95.355-356
reforms spearheaded by
energy industry, YB01.181, YB01.183
transferable water entitlements, YB01.479
Council of Australian Governments Energy Markets Review, see COAG Energy Markets Review
Court
hearing date, certainty of, YB03.19
inherent jurisdiction, YB03.18
procedural advantages, YB03.17
review of procedural decision of arbitrator, YB03.18
Covenant
breach of, exercise of mortgagee’s power of sale, YB03.94
personal, to repay secured money, YB03.94
Covenants
environmental matters, YB93.28–29
vendor, YB93.50–51
Credit rating
obtaining, YB03.114
project vehicle, of, YB03.114, YB03.162–163
projects, for, see Project rating
resource companies, see Resource company
creditors
scheme of arrangement, J04.163-184
components, J04.163-164
jurisdiction, J04.170-171
Murrin Murrin project, J04.164-184
process, J04.165
voting, J04.171-173
Crescent Head agreement, B96.194–201
Crisis management
apology, role of an, J00.218-224
chemical spill, J00.215-216
insurance issues, J00.217
media coverage, J00.215-216
media statement, appropriate, J00.222-223, J00.225-227
Croker Island
native title appeals, J00.13-20, J00.195
Cross border mergers and acquisitions
break fees, YB02.333-335
concepts, YB02.333-336
concurrent regulation, YB02.320
disclosure standards, YB02.330-331
forecasts, YB02.330-331
DLC structures, see DLC structures
`foreign', YB02.320, YB02.327
lock up devices, YB02.335-336
regulation, YB02.325-333
ASIC, YB02.328
concurrent, YB02.320
foreign, YB02.327
limitation of, YB02.326
relief, YB02.329-330, YB02.336
SEC, YB02.327-328
schemes of arrangement, see Schemes of arrangement
structures, YB02.320
takeovers, see Takeovers
Crown—see also Sovereign risk
derivative immunity, J04.295-298
determination of who or what is, YB02.692-693
control test, YB02.693
function test, YB02.694
fiduciary duty of, YB02.214-216, YB02.220-221, YB02.224
grants by, YB02.202-203
immunity of, YB02.689, YB02.690
application of, extent of, YB02.703-705
contemporary context, YB02.700-705
derivative, for, YB02.694-695
determination of, YB02.692-693, YB02.695-700
inter and intra polity claims, YB02.695
statutory, YB02.689-692, YB02.704-705
individual polities, representing, YB94.32
land, see Land title
lease, see Crown lease
mineral rights, see Minerals and petroleum
native title, YB94.32
ownership of minerals, YB93.421, YB93.426–427, YB96.201-203
property vested in, YB02.177
radical title to waste lands, YB94.33
sovereignty of, YB02.156, YB02.211
title to land, YB02.108, YB02.109
native title and, YB02.109
Crown Land
trespass, right of holder to sue in, YB94.325
Crown Lands (Reserves) Act 1978 (Vic)
amendment regarding consent to commence work, B94.7
Crown lease
extinguishment of native title, YB02.164, YB02.167, YB02.202-203
validity of, YB02.164
Cultus—see Disclosure of discoveries
Customer lists
ACCC, power to demand disclosure, YB04.81
Consolidated Index: D
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Dai Hung
acquisition, YB97.289-290
exit, YB97.292
legislative framework, YB97.290-292
questions about project, YB97.290-291
Damages, see also Compensation
agreement to negotiate, breach of, YB02.16
breach of duty, YB02.2
good faith, YB02.2
breach of promise, for, YB02.14, YB02.16
consequential, YB04.561, YB04.565
legal expenses, YB04.570
definition, YB04.124
duty of care, breach of, YB02.430
equitable compensation and, YB04.125
expectation, YB02.16
insurance against
compensatory, YB95.212
exemplary, punitive or aggravated, YB95.211–212
joint venture context, in, YB04.140–1
liability for
exercise of public functions, in, YB02.423
public bodies, of, YB02.421
public officers, of, YB02.421
measure of, YB02.16
misfeasance in public office, for, YB02.421, YB02.424
misleading or deceptive conduct, for, YB02.421
mitigation, YB04.126
natural resources project not complying with approval conditions
common law action, YB00.277-280
negligence, for, YB02.421, YB02.430
personal injury to indigenous peoples, J99.259-260
reliance, YB02.16
sale of coal assets in breach of joint venture assignment restrictions, YB01.121
statutory corporation, immunity from liability, J99.205-206
statutory duty, breach of, YB02.424, YB02.429
water supply contamination, J99.205-206
Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline Scheme
access regime, YB95.361-362, YB95.363-364
Competition Principles Agreement, comparison with, YB95.376–385
Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement, interaction with, YB95.390–391
Pt IIIA negotiation model, distinguished, YB95.373–376
accounting obligations, YB95.365
capacity, YB95.366–367
application for and grant of, YB95.370
needs, obligation to meet, YB95.364–365
charges for transmission, YB95.371–372
definitions, YB95.360-361, YB95.363
disclosure of information, YB95.367
dispute resolution process, YB95.363, YB95.372
Gas Referee Regulations 1995 (WA), YB95.373
enforcement, YB95.362
“essential terms”, YB95.370–371
exempted contracts, YB95.365–366
Gas Corporation Act 1994 (WA), provisions under, YB95.360–366
Gas Transmission Regulations 1994 (WA), YB95.366–373
non-discrimination between shippers, YB95.367–369
open access to, YB95.359-360, YB95.361-362
pricing scheme, YB95.361, YB95.365
regulation, YB95.363
report, obligation to, YB95.364
tranches, YB95.369–370
Debt
recovery, YB04.170
Debt service reserve account, YB03.99
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, YB94.135
Decommissioning and rehabilitation, see also Mine closure
acquiring a new site, YB96.432-434
Canadian experiences, YB96.442-443
commitments, YB96.434-435
community perceptions, YB96.447-448
contaminated land, YB96.459-460
costs, YB96.435
effective, YB96.432
environmental audit, YB96.432-433
environmental objectives, YB96.445
environmental planning, YB96.446
innovation, YB96.458
limitations, YB96.447
monitoring, YB96.460-461
need for planning, YB96.432
“polluter pays” principle, YB96.432
practices, YB96.457-458
research, YB96.460
standards, YB96.455-457
strategies, YB96.457
US experiences, YB96.439-441
voids, YB96.458-459
Windarra nickel project, YB96.436-438
Default
definition, YB03.164
Defence Practice Area land
exploration on, J99.101-104
whether Crown land or private land, J99.102-103
Defences
due diligence—see Due diligence
environment protection legislation, offences against—see Environment protection legislation
Denmark
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.249, J99.250
Depreciation
calculation of royalties, YB93.269
Deregulation
electricity market, see Energy industry reform
Victoria, in, see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
facilities of national significance, YB04.181–2
Derivative
contract for sale of RECs, YB03.277
financial product, as, YB03.276
meaning of, YB03.277
Derivatives—see also Caps, Financial risk management, Futures, Hedging, Options, Securities, Swaps
alternative risk transfer, YB02.403
Bankers Trust v Dharmala, YB97.369
characteristics, YB93.101–103
controls, YB97.353-365
external, YB97.353
internal, YB97.367-369
management, YB97.367-368
Corporations Law, application of the, YB97.355-358
Crown immunity, YB02.694-695
dealers’ duties to end-users, YB97.369-371
defined, YB93.74, YB93.101, YB97.349
gaming and betting exemption, YB93.114–115
inherent risk, YB02.630, YB02.647
licensing, YB93.113–114
regulation of, YB02.639-640
reporting of, YB02.646-647
risk management method, YB02.629
use of, YB02.623-625, YB02.630
Design
construction contracts, YB04.163
Designs, YB00.347-348
see also Intellectual property rights
copyright, overlap with, YB00.357
infringement, YB00.357
new mining technologies, YB00.342-358
Developing countries
ethnic divisions, YB04.61
institutional weakness, YB04.60
international standards and, YB04.60–2
local or indigenous communities, YB04.61
weak state powers, YB04.61
Development consent
conditions attached to, YB95.45
explicit power to express, YB95.54–55
conflict with other approvals, YB95.32
de facto power of veto, YB95.45
documentation, YB97.371-376
checklist, YB97.376
content, YB97.375-376
form of, YB97.372
ISDA, YB97.372-374
advantages, YB97.372
disadvantages, YB97.373
electricity transactions, in, YB97.381
electricity market, and, YB97.377-384
insurance contracts, YB97.366
legal regulation in Australia, YB97.354-356
regulatory framework, YB97.355
risks, against, YB97.354-355
licensing regime, YB97.360-361
netting, YB97.367
off-exchange, YB97.353
on-exchange, YB97.352
Proctor & Gamble v Bankers Trust, YB97.370
reform, outlook for, YB97.364
uses of, YB97.349
hedging, YB97.349
trading, YB97.351
electricity market, hedging and, YB97.377-384
end-users, by, YB97.382
hedging contracts, YB97.379-381
New South Wales, YB97.380
Victoria, YB97.379
ISDA documentation, YB97.381
Sydney Futures Exchange, YB97.383
vesting contracts, YB97.378
futures contract, YB97.356-359
adjustment agreements, YB97.357
consequences of treatment as, YB97.359
eligible commodity agreements, YB97.356
eligible exchange-traded options, YB97.357
futures options, YB97.357
futures market, YB97.361
ASC exempt, YB97.362
gaming and wagering legislation, application of, YB97.365
hedging, YB97.349
integrated system of approvals, establishment of working party, YB95.55–56
invalid, J01.206-209
land purchase condition, YB95.32–33
Barry v The Minister for Environment and Planning, YB95.32
success, key components in, YB95.58
uncertainty in terms, YB95.31
unnecessary or excessive detail, YB95.32
Dewatering of underground workings
contribution of neighbouring mine owners to cost, B95.100
Diesel fuel credits
GST reduction, J99.61
Directors
authorisation of offence, YB03.503–505
best interests of company, acting in
power of members to override, YB03.549–550
business expenses, YB96.420
confidential information, disclosure of, YB03.548
confidentiality, duty of, YB03.542–548
conflicts of interest, avoiding, YB03.534
connivance, concept of, YB03.507–509
consent, concept of, YB03.506–507
diligence, concept of, YB03.497–499
due precautions, taking, YB03.510
duties at common law, YB95.181–182
extension of, YB95.182
Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Company Ltd, summary in, YB95.181–182
environment, liability for, see Environment
environmental checklist, YB93.42
environmental liability, YB93.11, YB93.57, YB93.332
exercise of powers for a proper purpose, YB03.534
fiduciary duties, YB03.533
good faith, duty to act in, YB03.533
indemnity—see Indemnity
independence of, YB03.551
interest, disclosure of, YB03.554
knowingly concerned in, or party to, YB03.499–503
liability, personal and joint venture, YB95.182
environment protection legislation, breach of—see Environment protection legislation
nominee, see Nominee directors
permitting, concept of, YB03.505
personal liability, YB03.481
Australian Capital Territory, YB03.495–497
common law, YB03.482
Commonwealth, YB03.484–485
lack of uniformity in provisions, YB03.482
New South Wales, YB03.485–487
Northern Territory, YB03.495
other jurisdictions, YB03.497
Queensland, YB03.489–492
South Australia, YB03.493
statute, YB03.482, YB03.484
Tasmania, YB03.494
Victoria, YB03.487–489
Western Australia, YB03.493–494
potential conflicts, resolution of, YB03.553–554
recklessness, concept of, YB03.509–510
regulation, YB93.340
remuneration, YB96.419-420
taxation, liability for, see Taxation
third parties challenging actions of, YB03.550–551
uniform liability, need for reform, YB03.526–528
valuation of assets, YB93.354–356
workplace health and safety, see Workplace health and safety
Disbursement account, YB03.99
Disclosure—see also Continuous disclosure, Inspection
corporations, by, YB04.73–4
foreign company listing in Australia, by, YB94.249
hedging, for, YB02.640-642, YB02.647
ASX listing rules, YB02.646
financial reports, YB02.646
rules, YB02.643-646
standards, YB02.644-646
limiting, after production, YB04.92–5
powers of regulators, YB04.81
standards
cross border mergers and acquisitions, YB02.330-331
forecasts, YB02.320-331
schemes of arrangement, YB02.324
takeovers, YB02.330-331
unauthorised exploration by resources company, YB94.337, YB94.385
bases of obligation, YB94.338
code of conduct, relevance, YB94.376, YB94.385
confidential information, YB94.338
fiduciary duty, breach of, YB94.339, YB94.369
Barnes v Addey, rule in, YB94.375
misrepresentation under s 52 Trade Practices Act, YB94.343
statutory duty, breach of, YB94.343
Disclosure of discoveries, YB97.433-452
Australian Securities Commission, action by, YB97.449
Australian Stock Exchange, action by, YB97.448
“aware”, YB97.434
BHP, YB97.439-443
Corporations Law
civil liability for non-disclosure, YB97.439
criminal liability for non-disclosure, YB97.438
Cultus, YB97.443-448
effect of information, expected, YB97.435
exceptions to requirements, YB97.435
integrity of regime, YB97.451
listing rules, YB97.434-438
future of, YB97.449
waivers, when to grant, YB97.451
“material”, YB97.435
mining companies, requirements of, YB97.437
“spirit” of disclosure, YB97.436
Disclosure by companies
Australian companies, YB00.502-503
ASX Listing Rules, YB00.495-496, YB00.497, YB00.512-513
continuous disclosure requirements, YB00.495-496
civil liability for contravention, YB00.500
Corporations Law provisions, YB00.495, YB00.497
disclosure documents, YB00.410
advertising restrictions, YB00.420
lodgment, YB00.421
offer information statements, see Offer information statements
profile statements, YB00.410
prospectus, see Prospectus
publicity restrictions, YB00.420
failure to disclose, YB00.497
civil liability, YB00.500
intentional or reckless, YB00.497
initial public offer, see Initial public offer (IPO)
insider trading, YB00.497-498
native title disclosures, YB00.515
oil and gas exploration results, YB00.496
selective, YB00.493-503
examples, YB00.493-495, YB00.499-500
selective briefings, YB00.498-499
tipping, YB00.497-498
US approach, YB00.501-502
disclosure requirements
regulatory response to crisis, J02.162-178
Discovery
arbitrator’s approach to, YB03.22–23
civil proceedings, YB04.105
cost of, YB03.23, YB04.107
failure to make, YB04.107
international arbitration, YB03.23
nature of, YB04.86, YB04.105
non-party
costs, YB04.110
court's discretion, YB04.109
definition, YB04.107
pre-requisites for application, YB04.109
purpose, YB04.108
reasons for using, YB04.107
subpoenas , distinguished, YB04.108
objects, YB04.105
power to order, of application and objection, B94.14
preliminary, YB04.110
costs, YB04.111
when available, YB04.110
relevance test, YB03.22
time for, YB04.105–6
use of discovered documents, YB04.106
volume of, YB03.23
what documents must be discovered, YB04.106
Discretionary power
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act (PSLA), see Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act (PSLA)
rule of law, contrary to, YB04.38
Discrimination
unjust, YB02.102
Dispute resolution
access to upstream facilities, YB99.204-205
agreement provisions, YB99.188
UK code of practice, YB99.193-194
adjudication
challenges, YB04.178–9
consequences of determination, YB04.175–6
procedure, YB04.171–175
responses, YB04.176–7
administrative law remedies, YB04.178–9
alternative dispute resolution, YB99.357-358
arbitration—see Arbitration
AUSFTA, under, YB04.581–3
injunctions, YB04.179
Dispute Review Board, see Dispute Review Board
Dispute Settlement Body, see Dispute Settlement Body
engineering and construction contracts, YB03.220, YB03.232–238
mediation—see Mediation
on site, YB99.495-509
procedures, YB02.59, YB02.62, YB02.65
royalty disputes, YB93.254–255
World Trade Organisation, under, YB02.49, YB02.51, YB02.58-59
Dispute resolution specialists
international standards, role of, YB04.49
Dispute Review Board
advantages, YB99.506-507
case studies, YB99.503-505
comparison with other ADR forms, YB99.508-509
composition, YB99.497
costs, YB99.500
decisions
enforceability, YB99.502-503
whether binding, YB99.500-501
disadvantages, YB99.507
endorsement, YB99.503
formation, YB99.498
legal representation, YB99.501
liability of members, YB99.501
meetings, YB99.498-500
mini-DRB, YB99.505
multi-DRB, YB99.505
procedure, YB99.498-500
standby-DRB, YB99.505
success, YB99.506-507
use of, YB99.495
variations on standard, YB99.505-506
what is, YB99.495, 496
Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), YB02.49, YB02.51
applications to, YB02.65, YB02.68
compulsory dispute resolution, YB02.49, YB02.51, YB02.59
decisions of
binding, YB02.49, YB02.51, YB02.59
enforceability of, YB02.59
determinations, YB02.62
establishment of, YB02.59
procedures, YB02.59, YB02.62, YB02.65
compulsory, YB02.59
quasi-judicial court, YB02.59
success of, YB02.65
Disputes
transnational
international standards, relevance of, YB04.47–54
mediation, YB04.49
recent examples, YB04.50–4
Distributorship
contractual obligation, YB02.34
good faith, of, YB02.34
termination of, see Termination of contract
DLC structures
approval, YB02.321
cross border regulation, YB02.332-333
establishment of, YB02.321
features, YB02.324-325
implementation of, YB02.321
separate entities, YB02.321
Diversified Mineral Resources v CRA Exploration Pty Ltd
claim for misleading and deceptive conduct, basis of, YB95.558–559
decision, YB95.560–562
disclosure of information, obligations, YB95.561–562
facts of case, YB95.559–560
fiduciary duty in contractual relationship, examination of, YB95.561–562
joint venture agreement, YB95.562–563
plaintiff, argument of, YB95.560
s 52, Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), claim for damages for breach, YB95.558–559
Dividends
dual listed company structure, YB01.461
taxation, YB00.472-473
franking rebates, YB00.473
imputation credits, YB00.473
incorporated joint ventures, YB00.472
unfranked, paid to non-resident parent company, YB00.473
Documents
discovery, YB04.86
fishing expeditions, YB04.87
production of, see Production of documents
subpoenas, YB04.86
Dollar pits, YB93.372–373
Douglas Apsley National Park
Shell Company Ltd licence to mine, B94.9
Downstream petroleum industry
ACCC inquiry, YB96.351, YB96.379-380
Ampol/Caltex merger, YB96.355
changes, YB96.350, YB96.362
characteristics, YB96.352, YB96.381
competition, YB96.350, YB96.381-382
definition, YB96.350
features, YB96.371-372
geographic market, YB96.352-353
investment, YB96.380
marketing, YB96.380
mergers, YB96.355
Mobil purchase of Amgas, YB96.355-357
multi site franchising, YB96.358-361
benefits, YB96.363-364
concerns, YB96.365-366
contracts, YB96.367-369
effects, YB96.366
fiduciary relationships, YB96.377
perspective of franchisees, YB96.364-365
power of oil companies, YB96.364
promissory estoppel, YB96.369-371
questions, YB96.366-367
Trade Practices Act, YB96.371-376
Oilcode, YB96.357, YB96.383-384
participants, YB96.352-352, YB96.381
price monitoring, YB96.354
PRMFA, YB96.351, YB96.354-355, YB96.366
profitability, YB96.382-383
public perception, YB96.379, YB96.381
refining companies, YB96.380
regulation, YB96.353-355, YB96.379, YB96.383-384
scrutiny, YB96.351, YB96.381
Sites Act, YB96.351, YB96.354-355
structural changes, YB96.351-352
Drafting
mutual interest provisions, YB93.240–241
Drugs in the workplace, YB97.231-245
confidentiality, YB97.238
consequences, YB97.243
duties of employer, YB97.232
education, YB97.244
employment contracts, YB97.233
impairment, YB97.231
observation as detection, YB97.234
policy, implementation of, YB97.243
rehabilitation, YB97.244
testing
blood, YB97.236
collection and handling, YB97.237
cut-off levels, YB97.238
frequency, YB97.239
performance, YB97.234
specific, YB97.235
types of, YB97.235
urine, YB97.236
who to test, YB97.241-242
Dual listed companies (DLC)
accounting
accounting standards, YB01.472
merger accounting, YB01.467-468
advantages of structure, YB01.46, YB01.466-470
agreements implementing, YB01.463-464
approvals
regulatory, YB01.465-466
shareholder, YB01.465
assets, YB01.460
BHP/Billiton model, YB01.45, YB01.457
boards and management, YB01.461
Brambles-GKN merger, YB01.457
break fees, see Break fees
capital markets, access to, YB01.467
capital reduction, YB01.461
complexity of structure, YB01.471
constitutions, YB01.462
amendments to, YB01.464-465
corporate governance, YB01.472
corporate identities, preserving, YB01.466
cross guarantees, YB01.462
deed poll guarantees, YB01.464
dividends, YB01.461
domicile, continuity of, YB01.466
drawbacks of structure, YB01.470-471
equalisation ratio, YB01.459
inability to maintain, YB01.470
examples of, YB01.45-46
features, YB01.458
flexibility of structure, YB01.467
franking credits, preservation of, YB01.468
goal, YB01.458
history of structure, YB01.458
implementation, YB01.463-466
simplicity of, YB01.469
implications for operations, YB01.460
increased compliance costs, YB01.471
legal entity, YB01.460
low premium merger, YB01.469
management inflexibility, YB01.471
merger accounting, YB01.467-468
merger implementation agreement, YB01.463
merger ratio, YB01.459
minimised tax consequences, YB01.468
operational delays, YB01.471
pre-emption, no trigger of, YB01.469
ratio
equalisation, YB01.459
merger, YB01.459
regulatory approvals, YB01.465-466
regulatory framework, cross application of, YB01.472-473
requirements for creation of, YB01.45-46
share issues, YB01.461
share price disparities, YB01.470
shareholder approvals, YB01.465
sharing agreement, YB01.463-464
special voting shares deed, YB01.464
structure, YB01.44, YB01.458-462
takeover defence, YB01.469-470
takeovers effected through, YB01.44-47
valuation, impact on, YB01.471
voting, YB01.461-462
class rights actions, YB01.462
joint electorate actions, YB01.461-462
special voting shares deed, YB01.464
Due diligence, YB93.17–18, YB93.57, YB93.58–59
coal assets, sale or purchase of
bidder, by, YB01.130
detailed, YB01.129-130
initial, YB01.126
inquiries by purchaser, YB01.143-153
packaging the assets, in, YB01.128
process, YB01.133
targeting of purchasers, YB01.129
vendor, by, YB01.130
obtaining environmental report, YB93.26–28
“Dutch disease”, YB04.67
Duty of care
breach of, YB02.430, YB02.435-437
damages for, YB02.430
negligent, YB02.430
commercial premises, YB04.526
Bryan v Maloney, YB04.528
economic loss, YB04.527, YB04.529
subsequent purchasers, YB04.526–7
Woolcock Street Investments Pty Ltd v CDG Pty Ltd, YB04.528–9
implications of decision, YB04.532–3
establishment of, YB02.430
Longford case, YB03.571
pre-purchase inspection, YB04.532–3
proximity, YB04.528
vulnerability, YB04.530–2
Duty of care of joint venture participants, YB01.128
Duty to negotiate
breach of, YB02.13, YB02.14, YB02.17, YB02.18
liability for, YB02.13
repudiation for, YB02.18
good faith, in, YB02.1, YB02.3, YB02.13-15, YB02.45
arbitrary clause, YB02.17
customs, YB02.17
misrepresentation, YB02.14
specific performance, YB02.14
unjust enrichment, YB02.14
usage, YB02.17
withdrawal from, YB02.17
enforcement of, YB02.45
fair dealing, YB02.17
imposition of, YB02.13
pre-contractual, YB02.14, YB02.15, YB02.45-46
refusal, YB02.18
scope of, YB02.17-18
withdrawal from, YB02.14
Consolidated Index: E
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Easements of light
apertures, right restricted to, YB00.327-328
cases in relation to, YB00.325-327
express grant of right, YB00.329-330, YB00.331-332
extension of rights to other solar radiation, YB00.328-329
nature of, YB00.325-326
new negative easements, admission of, YB00.327
passive solar systems, YB00.329
restrictive covenants compared, YB00.330-331
solar access, YB00.325-331
express grant of right, YB00.331-332
East Spar Alliance, B96.202–214
East Timor
administering power, YB02.610
effect of independence on Timor Gap Treaty, J99.1, J99.201-202
independence, YB00.138, YB00.143, YB00.183-184
Timor Gap Treaty, effect on, see Timor Gap Treaty
Indonesian occupation, YB02.611
maritime boundaries, YB02.607, YB02.618-622
Portugal v Australia, legal proceedings, YB02.610-611
seabed boundary, negotiating, YB00.168, YB00.173-174
self-determination, YB02.610
right of, YB02.610
Timor Gap Treaty, see Timor Gap Treaty
transition from Indonesian control, YB02.611-613
United Nations Transitional Administration in (UNTAET)
Bayu-Undan project, consultation regarding, YB00.138, YB00.146, YB00.147
establishment, YB00.145, YB00.156
Timor Gap Treaty, role in relation to, YB00.145-146, YB00.156-158, YB00.184
Zone of Cooperation, see Timor Gap Zone of Cooperation
Ecologically sustainable development
concept of, YB00.215-216
legislation promoting, YB00.215-216
Economic loss
duty of care to subsequent purchasers, YB04.527, YB04.529, YB04.532–3
vulnerability, YB04.530–2
history of, YB03.562
indeterminacy of liability, YB04.530–1
individual autonomy, YB04.531
knowledge of risk, YB04.531
Longford case, see Longford case
pure
current position on, YB03.564–567
incremental approach, YB03.564
legally recognised rights approach, YB03.565
salient features approach, YB03.565, YB03.575–576
three-stage Caparo approach, YB03.566
reasonable foreseeability, YB04.530
ED securities, YB96.389-391
Electricity
access, J02.111-114
access arrangements, YB04.183
application procedure, YB04.207–8
essential facilities doctrine, application of, YB04.203
Productivity Commission Review, YB04.198–9
provider has no excess capacity, YB04.208–11
vertical integration, YB04.206
Auckland blackout, YB99.295-296, YB99.364-365
class actions, YB99.365-367
Fair Trading Act breach, YB99.316-317
implied contractual terms, YB99.315-316
settlement scheme, YB99.296
statutory liability, YB99.295-296, YB99.314-317
Auckland crisis, J99.42, J99.43, J99.47-48
Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC), YB04.370, YB04.372–4
Australian Energy Regulator (AER), YB04.370, YB04.375–6
carbon rights, J99.3
claims against suppliers
breach of implied warranty, YB99.318-323
exclusion clauses, YB99.373
Mercury Energy (NZ), YB99.295-296, YB99.314-317, YB99.364-374
ombudsman, to see Energy Industry Ombudsman NSW
competition, J02.43-44, J04.98-102
market, J04.98-102
Council of Australian Governments communique, YB94.264, YB94.492
current industry performance, YB94.485
customers, YB02.262
demand side management, J01.120-122, J01.240-241
deregulation, J01.34
distribution, YB94.488
Electricity Supply Industry Amendment Act (Tas), J03.132-133
generation, YB94.486
generators, YB02.261
history, YB94.482
implied warranties of merchantable quality and fitness for
purpose, whether apply to suppliers, YB99.296, YB99.318-323
ACCC view, YB99.296, YB99.318-320
ESAA claim, YB99.296, YB99.320-323
loss or damage, issue of, YB99.322-323
Industries Assistance Commission inquiry, YB94.489
Industry Commission inquiry, YB94.490
infrastructure, YB02.258
access to, YB02.263
interconnectors see Electricity interconnectors
International Energy Agency recommendations, YB94.263
investment, J03.435-440
jurisdictions, YB02.258
market see National electricity market
Ministerial Council on Energy (MCE), role of, YB04.369–70
monopoly power, abuse of, YB04.358
National Code technical standards, J02.111-114
national competitive electricity industry, YB94.481
regulatory framework, agreement on, YB94.264
transitional arrangements, YB94.264
National Competition Policy, YB04.359–61
National Electricity Code (NEC), YB04.216, YB04.363
National Electricity Market, J03.435-440
National Electricity Market Management Company Ltd (NEMMCO), YB04.363, YB04.367–8, YB04.370, YB04.377
National Grid Management Council (NGMC), YB94.263, YB94.493, YB04.360
future interconnections, YB94.497
network charges, YB94.496
proposals of, YB94.494
organisational structure, YB94.482
power purchase and hedge agreements, J98.345-355
pricing, J01.118-120
ACCC, role of, YB04.216–17
case law, YB04.217–18
“building block” approach, YB04.217
customer expectation and capital expenditure, YB04.218
National Electricity Code (NEC), YB04.216
reform proposals, YB04.219
private ownership, YB94.483
privatisation and deregulation, YB04.182, YB04.359
purchase of, see National electricity market
reform of industry, YB94.491
pressure for, YB94.488
State systems, YB94.498
reform package in Western Australia, J01.32-35
regulation, YB04.357, YB04.362–3, YB04.370–1, YB04.379, see also National Electricity Code
COAG Energy Markets Review recommendations, YB04.367–8
efficiency, promotion of, YB04.358
evolution of new regime, YB04.368
existing regime, YB04.359
legislation, YB04.361
objectives, YB04.369
quality and reliability, YB04.358
successful, YB04.358–9
renewable energy, J01.87-99, J01.326-332
retail licence conditions, J01.23-25
retailers, YB02.262
service providers, see Network service providers
sources of fuel, YB94.484
Special Premiers’ Conferences, report of Working Group, YB94.491
State system
currently on, YB94.482
reform of, YB94.498
supply disruption
consumer claims for compensation, J99.213-214
legal and insurance implications, J99.42-53
supply interruption parties J01.22-23
trade practices, see restrictive trade practices
trading, see Energy trading; National electricity market
transmission systems, YB94.487
transport, YB02.258
Western Australian regulatory regime
Electricity Reform Task Force, YB04.379–80
national regime, interrelationship with, YB04.382
new market arrangements, YB04.380
regulatory institutions, YB04.381–2
Electricity Corporation Act 1994 (WA)
restructuring of SECWA monopoly, B95.14
Electricity industry, see also National Electricity Market
ACT, YB96.9-10
Hilmer Report, YB96.3, YB96.4-5
microeconomic reform, YB96.4
NSW, YB96.8-9
NT, YB96.10
Qld, YB96.6-8
SA, YB96.8
Tas, YB96.10
Vic, YB96.9
WA, YB96.6
Electricity Industry Ombudsman, J99.213
Electricity interconnectors, YB02.258
access to data, YB02.281-282
assessment process, YB02.281
augmentations, see National electricity market
benefits, YB02.267-268
development of, YB02.276-285, YB02.290
application of regulatory test, YB02.279, YB02.280
ACCC, role of, YB02.280-281
Inter-Regional Planning Committee, role of, YB02.276-279
regulatory test, YB02.279-280
setting of regulatory test, YB02.280
uncertainty, YB02.282-284
entrepreneurial, YB02.273-275, YB02.293
establishment of, YB02.282
hybrid, YB02.275-276
SNOVIC, YB02.289
Southernlink, YB02.289
national electricity market, YB02.260, YB02.266-268
new projects, YB02.270-274
non-regulated, YB02.273-275, YB02.293
Basslink, YB02.286-288
definition of, YB02.274-275
Directlink, YB02.288-289
Murraylink, YB02.289
Southernlink, YB02.289
operation of, YB02.274
regulated, YB02.268-270
establishment of, YB02.279
QNI, YB02.285-286
requirements for, YB02.270
review of, YB02.272
SNI, YB02.286
tests for, YB02.271-272
requirements for, YB02.270, YB02.271
types, YB02.268
what constitutes, YB02.266-267
Electricity market, see also National electricity market (NEM)
benefits of reform process, YB01.183-185
business and financial risk, balancing, YB01.177
business interruption insurance, YB01.177
Californian experience, see Californian electricity market
competitive threat, YB01.173
continued privatisation, expectation of, YB01.167-168
convergence with gas market, YB01.220
counterparty risk, YB01.170
credit risk, YB01.170
risk management tool, YB01.176-177
depressed wholesale pool prices, YB01.167
deregulation
Californian experience, YB01.174-175, YB01.186, YB01.188
flawed assumptions underlying asset acquisitions, YB01.166-167
global markets’ experience, YB01.173-175
New Zealand, YB01.175
Victoria, in, see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
distribution operators
credit ratings, YB01.170
risk to, YB01.168-169
electricity tariff equalisation fund (ETEF), YB01.171, YB01.187
reduction of hedging contracts due to, YB01.171
energy traders, risk to, YB01.169
generators
risk to, YB01.169
unknown creditworthiness, YB01.170
global deregulated markets, YB01.173-175
government intervention
increased, trend toward, YB01.170
price controls, YB01.171
risk to investors, YB01.170
hedge contracts, YB01.170
electricity tariff equalisation fund, effect of, YB01.171
risk management tool, YB01.176
wholesale market risk, to reduce, YB01.171
insurance for business interruption, YB01.177
investors
competitive threat, YB01.173
counterparty risk, YB01.170
credit risk, YB01.170
operational risk, YB01.172-173
regulatory risk, YB01.170-171
risk mitigation tools, YB01.175-177
risks to, YB01.169-173
transfer of risk to, in Victoria, YB01.159, YB01.166
wholesale market exposure, YB01.171-172
lower prices and more reliable services, YB01.183
national, see National electricity market (NEM)
operational risk for participants, YB01.172-173
plant failure, risk of, YB01.172
pool prices
depressed wholesale, YB01.167
volatility in, YB01.171
price controls, effect of, YB01.171
reform, see Energy industry reform
regulatory risk to investors, YB01.170-171
retail competition, YB01.190-192
retailers
competition between, YB01.190-192
credit ratings, YB01.170
risk to, YB01.169
risk mitigation tools, YB01.175-177
risk to participants
competitive threat, YB01.173
distribution operators, YB01.168-169
energy traders, YB01.169
generators, YB01.169
greater transparency, YB01.169
investors, to, YB01.169-173
operational, YB01.172-173
plant failure, of, YB01.172
retailers, YB01.169
risk profiles, YB01.168-169
transmission operators, YB01.168-169
security of supply
capacity to maintain, YB01.188
improvements in, YB01.184
transmission operators, risk to, YB01.168-169
Victoria, reform in, see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
wholesale market exposure risk, YB01.171-172
Electricity supply
see also Renewable energy
advanced gas turbine combined cycle, YB00.295-296
Australian system, YB00.283-288
biomass, YB00.300-302, YB00.305
capital investment, YB00.302-304
coal-fired plants, YB00.283, 305
capital costs, YB00.289, 290
emissions, YB00.291
new technologies, YB00.292-295
development of resources, YB00.314
distribution of fuels used, YB00.283
emissions, reducing, YB00.288, YB00.291-292, YB00.306-307
fuel cells, YB00.296-297
gas-fired power generation, YB00.283, YB00.305
capital costs, YB00.290
emissions, YB00.291
new technologies, YB00.295-297
geothermal energy, YB00.311-312
increase in demand, YB00.283-284
institutional changes affecting, YB00.313-314
integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants, YB00.293-295
National Electricity Market (NEM), YB00.284-287
difference contracts, YB00.286, YB00.287
operation, YB00.285
variation of pool prices during day, YB00.286
new technologies
biomass, YB00.300-302
capital investment, YB00.302-304
coal-fired, YB00.292-295
cost incentives, YB00.289-291
environmental incentives, YB00.291-292
gas-fired, YB00.295-297
incentives for development, YB00.288-292
renewables, YB00.297-302
solar, YB00.297-299
wind, YB00.299-300
nuclear energy, YB00.313
pressurised fluid bed combustors (PFBC), YB00.295
production costs, YB00.290
renewable energy, see Renewable energy
solar energy, see Solar energy
summary of options, YB00.305
super-critical coal-fired plants, YB00.292-293
tidal power, YB00.309-311
wind power, YB00.299-300, YB00.305
Electricity supply contract
bankability, YB03.87–91
Eligible exchange traded option—see Futures, types
Emissions
anthropogenic, YB02.72
Australian legislative action, YB02.71-73
conflict of interest, YB02.84-86
emission scheme design, YB02.84-94
implementation of emission scheme design, YB02.89-94
industry regulation, YB02.74, YB02.78-79
international treaties, ratification of, YB02.79
limitation of, YB02.71, YB02.73, YB02.79-84
reduction schemes, YB02.74-78
taxes, YB02.80-84
transitional arrangements, YB02.86-87
control of, YB02.71-72
greenhouse gas, see Greenhouse gas
human activity, from, YB02.71
impact of, YB02.72
global, YB02.72
local, YB02.72
natural processes, YB02.71
Emissions, noxious
personal injury claim, J00.187-188
Emissions trading, see Greenhouse gas emissions
Employee relations—see Workplace relations
Employer’s liability
prolonged exposure to noxious fumes, J99.114-115
Employment contract(s)—see Workplace relations
termination of see Termination of contract
energy
legislative amendments (Vic), J03.133-134
market review (Cth), J03.1-6
reform of renewable energy legislation (Cth), J04.9-12
security, J04.305-308
Energy contracting
energy chain
contracts along, YB03.311–315
definition, YB03.311
energy contracts
bundling, YB03.314–315
major, YB03.312–314
parts of, YB03.315–316
gas supply agreement, see Gas supply agreement (GSA)
gas transportation agreement, see Gas transportation agreement (GTA)
hypothetical contracting scenario, YB03.310–311
power purchase agreement, see Power purchase agreement (PPA)
principles of, YB03.309
risk allocation, YB03.350–356
Energy Coordination Act 1994 (WA)
divesting functions of SECWA, B95.14
Energy Corporations (Transitional and Consequential Provisions) Act 1994 (WA)
implementing restructuring of SECWA, B95.15
interaction with Mining Act, B95.26–28
energy efficiency
extractive industry projects, YB04.73
Ministerial Council on Energy (MCE), role of, YB04.369–70, YB04.388–9
New Zealand, J01.326-332
Energy Industry Ombudsman NSW
benefits of dispute resolution by, YB99.363
claims against utilities, YB99.360-361
investigation of, YB99.361-362
complaints to, YB99.358, YB99.359-360
procedure for making, YB99.359
investigation of claims, YB99.361-362
power to decline, YB99.359
jurisdiction, YB99.360
limit of functions, YB99.359
role, YB99.358
Energy industry reform
agreement by all jurisdictions to, YB01.181-182
benefits of, YB01.183-185
what remains to be done to deliver, YB01.185-195
Californian experience, see Californian electricity market
consumers
benefits for, YB01.183-185
retail competition, YB01.190-192
Council of Australian Governments (CoAG), YB01.181, 183
dual ownership situation, YB01.187
foreign investors, outcomes for, YB01.184
investment incentives, YB01.192-195
lower prices and more reliable services, YB01.183
nature of, YB01.181-182
objectives, YB01.182
past decade, over, YB01.180-183
public policy objectives, YB01.182
retailer
competition between, YB01.190-192
role of, YB01.191
security of electricity supply
capacity to maintain, YB01.188
improvements in, YB01.184
Victoria, in, see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
Energy industry reform (Victoria)
asset sales, return on, YB01.158, YB01.166
background, YB01.155
benefits of, YB01.158-163, YB01.180
commercial consumers, outcomes for, YB01.161-162
consumers
benefits for, YB01.161-163, YB01.183
risk transfer from, YB01.159
debt reduction, YB01.158
depressed wholesale pool prices, YB01.167
flawed assumptions underlying asset acquisitions, YB01.166-167
depressed wholesale pool prices, YB01.167
global factors, YB01.167
limited regulatory price reset risk, YB01.168
reduced opportunities for portfolio creation, YB01.167-168
global factors, YB01.167
government, benefits to, YB01.158-160, YB01.166
industrial consumers, outcomes for, YB01.161-162
industry operators, outcomes for, YB01.159-160
investors
continued privatisation, expectation of, YB01.167-168
losses on investments, YB01.166, YB01.185
outcomes for, YB01.159-160, YB01.185
risk transfer to, YB01.159, YB01.166
losses on investments, YB01.166, YB01.185
need for, YB01.155
new market performance, YB01.157-158
objectives, YB01.155-156, YB01.179-180
outcomes, YB01.156-163
overview, YB01.179
power sector efficiency, YB01.163
privatisation sales, yield from, YB01.158, YB01.166
regulatory regime, YB01.160-161
light-handed, assumption about, YB01.168
residential consumers, outcomes for, YB01.162-163
risk transfer to investors, YB01.159, YB01.166
stakeholders in, YB01.158-160
State, benefits accruing to, YB01.158-160, YB01.166
State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV), power of, YB01.155
taxpayers
benefits to, YB01.158-160
risk transfer from, YB01.159
world leader, YB01.156-157
Energy market review, YB02.417-419
Energy markets, see Electricity, Gas
Energy services
carbon rights, J99.3
Energy trading
authority to enter contracts, J00.124
electricity, J00.121-127
estoppel, J00.123
exempt futures market declaration for electricity, J00.127
hedging contracts, J00.121-127
ISDA Master Agreement, J00.122
mistake, J00.123
trade practices claims, J00.123-124
trading risk management, J00.124-127
inadequate system, J00.124-125
monitoring and assessment, J00.127
programs, J00.125-126
Engineering
construction contracts, YB04.163
Engineering and construction contracts, see Construction contracts
Enterprise bargaining, see also Industrial relations
bargaining units, YB96.609-610
beginnings, YB96.605-606
certified agreements, YB96.612-616
flexibility, YB96.611-612
flexibility agreements, YB96.616-620
industrial action, YB96.606
“in good faith”, YB96.608-609
no disadvantage test, YB96.610
period, YB96.606-608
picketing, use in, J00.129
Entry to premises
ASIC's power, YB04.85
ATO's power, YB04.85
Environment
Aarhuss Convention, J01.205-206
access to information, J01.205-206
administering authority, J01.139-140
audit, J01.144, J01.146
carbon rights
legislative framework, J04.156-62
market for trading, J04.156-162
carbon rights trading, J02.137-138
directors’ liability
Australian Capital Territory, YB03.523–524
Commonwealth, YB03.518–519
New South Wales, YB03.519–520
Northern Territory, YB03.523
Queensland, YB03.520–521
South Australia, YB03.521
Tasmania, YB03.522–523
Victoria, YB03.520
Western Australia, YB03.522
environmental authority, J01.140-143, J01.225-227
grant of mining lease where non-compliance, J02.129-130
greenhouse gas, see Greenhouse gas
heritage laws, J03.393
international agreements and treaties, YB02.56-57
impairment of, see Environmental impairment
insurance, see Insurance
Kyoto Protocol, see Kyoto Protocol
major hazard facilities, J02.131
National Parks, J02.36- 40
new EPA (SA), J02.130
objections to application, J01.26-28, J01.126, J01.241-243
objectives, YB02.59
enforcement of, YB02.59
protection of, YB02.154
rehabilitation, J01.139, J01.145-146
risk assessment, YB02.60
risk management, YB02.355
standards, YB02.62
imposition of, YB02.62
sustainability covenant, J02.136
trade and, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.58-61, YB02.63, YB02.66
World Trade Organisation, role of, see World Trade
Organisation
Environment and heritage
project rating, risk in relation to, YB99.19-20
reporting, see Environmental reporting
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 2000
approval process for development projects, YB00.213-214
Jabiluka, application to, YB00.214
definition of `environment', YB00.214-215
ecologically sustainable development, concept of, YB00.215-216
international obligations, YB00.217-218
objects, YB00.213
precautionary principle, YB00.216-217
Jabiluka, application to, YB00.216
scope, YB00.213-214
standing to bring action, YB00.218-219
World Heritage Convention, implementing, YB00.217-218
Environment Protection Authority (EPA) (NSW), YB95.46
investigative powers, YB04.86
State, YB04.430, YB04.434, YB04.436
Environment protection legislation
Australia, generic Acts in, YB95.183
Bruntland Report, YB95.522
common law, historical background in, YB95.521
company, liability of, YB95.189–191
Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), Australian participation in, YB95.523
corporate officers, liability of, YB95.183, YB95.184, YB95.529
corporate officer, interpretation, YB95.184–186
joint venture agreements, in, YB95.187-189, YB95.195
offences by company, for, YB95.187
defences by corporate officers
due diligence, YB95.198–201
all due diligence, YB95.203–204
joint ventures, applicability to, YB95.201–202
reasonable delegation, YB95.202–203
emergency, YB95.198
honest and reasonable mistake, YB95.204–205
unable to exercise control over corporate body, where, YB95.197
without knowledge, YB95.185–197
directors, liability of, YB95.184, YB95.529
“ecologically sustainable development”, concept of, YB95.522
federal legislation, development of, YB95.523
gas pipelines, construction of, YB95.262
Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (1992), YB95.523, YB95.525
international background, YB95.522–523
offences, YB95.191–195
first tier offence, YB95.191, YB95.223-229
mens rea requirement, YB95.191-194, YB95.223-229
second tier offence, YB95.193-194, YB95.223-231
third tier offence, YB95.194–195
Rio de Janeiro Declaration, YB95.522–523
State legislation, comparison of, YB95.525
Stockholm Declaration, YB95.522
United Nations Convention On Environment And Development—Agenda 21 (1992), Australian participation in, YB95.523
United States
convictions, YB95.183
“knowledge”, interpretation of, YB95.193, YB95.196
Environment protection, see also Biodiversity conservation
accreditation of future processes, YB01.109-111
action, definition, YB01.77
approval
circumstances in which not required, YB01.89-90
environmental assessment and, YB01.76, YB01.77
federal process to date, YB01.84-85
referral of proposed actions for, YB01.76
assessment and approval, YB01.77
time frames, YB01.77
bilateral agreements between Commonwealth and States/Territories, YB01.83
actions covered by, constraints on State approvals, YB01.92
Approval Bilateral, YB01.85
assessment approach by way of, YB01.108-109
Assessment Bilateral, YB01.85
bilaterally accredited management plans, YB01.90
co-ordination through, YB01.85
definition, YB01.90
draft, release of, YB01.84
draft Assessment Bilaterals, YB01.109
making, YB01.90
novel arrangement, YB01.85
procedural requirements, YB01.90-92
types of, YB01.85
compliance, YB01.78-79
enforcement, YB01.78-79
environmental assessment and approval, YB01.76, YB01.106-108
application of Act, YB01.99-101
environmental impact statements, YB01.111-112
regulations prescribing contents of, YB01.112-114
EPBC Act
Acts replaced by, YB01.75
application of, YB01.99
benefits delivered by, YB01.80-81
experience to date, YB01.79-80
fundamental reform under, YB01.74
inconsistent State legislation, prevailing over, YB01.86
key changes under, YB01.75
key issues arising out of, YB01.85
local governments, application to, YB01.86
national scheme, YB01.74
overview, YB01.83
penalties under, YB01.79
State legislation, implications for, YB01.85-86
injunctions
public interest groups, by, YB01.87
undertaking as to damages removed, YB01.88
monitoring, YB01.78-79
national environmental significance, matters of, YB01.76, YB01.101-102
public interest groups
injunctions by, YB01.87
standing granted to, YB01.87
significant impact, meaning of, YB01.102-106
State and Territory processes
bilateral agreements, YB01.83
Commonwealth accreditation, YB01.83
implications of Commonwealth legislation, YB01.85-86
State approvals
Commonwealth control over, YB01.92-94
constraints where actions covered by bilateral agreements, YB01.92
Tasmanian Bilateral Agreement, YB01.95-99
accredited processes to date, YB01.96-97
conclusions from, YB01.99
contents of EIA, YB01.98
control of process, YB01.99
EIA principles, YB01.97
level of assessment, YB01.96
preparation of assessment, YB01.97-98
proponent, guidance to, YB01.98
public comment and information, YB01.98
Environment, Resources and Development Court (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA)
assent to Act, B95.99
introduction to House of Assembly, B95.24
Environmental assessment (EA)
environmental screening, YB03.165
preparation of, YB03.149
report on, YB03.149–150
Environmental audit, YB93.29, YB93.31, YB93.49
defined, YB93.44–45
Environmental codes of conduct, YB00.58-61
Australian Minerals Council Voluntary Code for Environmental
Management, YB00.58-59, YB00.62, YB00.227
Forest Stewardship Council certification scheme, YB00.60
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, YB00.59-60, YB00.62
Environmental harm by mining company
foreign country, in see Environmental harm in foreign country
Great Southern energy case, YB00.225-226
prosecutions in Australia in last decade, YB00.223-224, YB00.235-245
prosecutorial risk, YB00.222-223
statutory penalties, YB00.222, 224-225
compliance/enforcement distinction, YB00.227
Trade Practices Act breaches, YB00.224-225
Environmental harm in foreign country
Bhopal disaster, India, YB00.42
codes of conduct, YB00.58-61
domestic litigation, YB00.35-62
choice of law rules, YB00.36, 47-50
`control', concept of, YB00.35, 36
cross vesting legislation, YB00.41
forum non conveniens discretion, YB00.40, YB00.42-47
high risk activities, variable standard of care for, YB00.54-55
intervention in activities of foreign state, rule against, YB00.42
jurisdictional arguments, YB00.35, YB00.36, YB00.37-50
Mozambique principle, YB00.40-42, YB00.53, YB00.54
Ok Tedi litigation, YB00.37-42, YB00.48-49, YB00.53, YB00.57
private international law rules, YB00.37-50
statutory exclusion clauses, interpretation, YB00.55-57
`vulnerability' test for duty of care, YB00.35, 36, YB00.51-54
pure economic loss cases, application to, YB00.52-54
want of jurisdiction defence, YB00.39
Ok Tedi River, Papua New Guinea, YB00.37-42, YB00.55, YB00.57
Tisza River, Romania, YB00.35-36, YB00.49, YB00.55, YB00.57
Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
applications require, J01.137-139
invalidity of mining lease, J01.124-126
Jabiluka uranium mine, YB00.201-203
natural resource projects, non-compliance with process
injunction, obtaining, YB00.263, 268-270
objections, YB00.263-264
suspension or termination of project, YB00.276
need to refer for, J01.129
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
content of, YB95.46
drafting of, YB95.28
lawyers, role of, YB95.28
legal compliance with, YB95.26–27
preparation, sufficient budget and consultants for, YB95.28
prescribed form of, YB95.26
requirements, amendments to, YB95.57–58
scope of, YB95.27
significance of project, emphasis on, YB95.57–58
state and regional issues, greater focus on, YB95.57
Environmental impairment
alternative risk transfer, see Alternative risk
transfer
insurance, see Insurance
liability
ACT legislation, YB02.393-395
civil, YB02.372
establishment of, YB02.372
impact of legislation, YB02.395-398
insurance, see Insurance
legislation, YB02.374-395
NSW legislation, YB02.375-377
NT legislation, YB02.391-393
Qld legislation, YB02.379-382
risk management, YB02.372
risk transfer alternative, YB02.374
SA legislation, YB02.385-387
state legislation, YB02.374-395
Tas legislation, YB02.387-391
Vic legislation, YB02.377-379
WA legislation, YB02.382-385
Environmental issues
Codes of Practice, YB96.461-462
community perceptions, YB96.447-448
eia, YB96.450
esd objectives, YB96.445
enforcement of requirements, YB96.449-450
environmental audits, YB96.432-433
exploration and mining, YB96.448-449
four phases of mining venture, YB96.474
impacts from exploration and mining, YB96.455
mine closure, YB96.465-466
monitoring, YB96.460-461
nsesd objectives, YB96.445
petroleum, YB96.449, YB96.462-463
Qld, YB96.450-454
regulation, YB96.448-454
Environmental law
criminal liability imposed by, YB94.190
damages, YB93.7
history, YB93.5–6
legislation
Australian Capital Territory, YB93.40–41
Commonwealth, YB93.34–35
New South Wales, YB93.35–36
Northern Territory, YB93.41
Queensland, YB93.37–38
South Australia, YB93.38–39
Tasmania, YB93.39
Victoria, YB93.36–37
Western Australia, YB93.40
Environmental Management Overview Strategy (EMOS), YB93.67
environmental risks, YB93.1–68
contaminated land, YB93.7–10
liabilities
common law, YB93.6–7
statutory, YB93.7–10
occupiers, YB93.10–12
risk management—see Risk management process
vendor/purchaser contract special conditions, YB93.44–52
Environmental management plan (EMP)
contents, YB03.150
preparation, YB03.140
Environmental management systems, YB97.530-570
Australian Minerals Industry Code, YB97.543-554, YB97.570
development of, YB97.544
features of, YB97.545, YB97.559
implementation of, YB97.553
obligations under, YB97.546, YB97.559
principles, YB97.549, YB97.560
systems and processes, YB97.550
reproduction of, YB97.548-554
best practice, YB97.565
certification, YB97.562-563
commitment required, YB97.537-539
competitiveness, YB97.560-561
components of, YB97.534-536, YB97.555-556
due diligence
demonstrating, YB97.538, YB97.557, YB97.568
importance of, YB97.567
environmental accounting, YB97.568
incentives
industry-wide, YB97.559, YB97.560
regulatory, YB97.557-559
ISO 14001, YB97.561-563, YB97.566
limitations, YB97.539
Minerals Council of Australia, YB97.530
National Environmental Protection Measures, YB97.540-541
Normandy Mining, YB97.564-570
purpose, YB97.533
risk management, YB97.568
Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)
consent and existing use, YB95.22–23
Vaughan-Taylor v David Mitchell-Melcann Pty Ltd, decision in, YB95.23, YB95.47
consent authority, YB95.23
merit issues, council inclusion of, YB95.25
s 101, direction under, YB95.23–25
contributions plans, introduction of, YB95.55
Environmental Impact Statement—see Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
land use planning
failure of, YB95.41
s 117 direction, YB95.55
Local Government Act 1993 (NSW), consistency of approvals process with, YB95.54
mining legislation, conflict with, YB95.38–40
State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP)—see State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) (NSW)
Environmental protection
accreditation, J98.81
areas of national environmental significance, J00.145-146
breach of environment legislation by corporations
cases under State legislation, J00.151-153
Corporations Law and Conservation Act, conflict, J00.147-148
fines and civil penalties, J00.145
liability of company officers, J00.145-156
State legislation, J00.148-153
biodiversity, J98.81
Conservation Act
constitutional aspects, J00.155-156
Corporations Law, conflict of objectives, J00.147-148
liability of officers under, J00.153-155
contaminated land, see Contaminated land
economic instruments, use in, J00.157, J00.166-174
emissions trading, see Greenhouse emissions trading
Kyoto Protocol provisions, J00.162-165
market mechanisms, J00.166
tradeable units, J00.167-169
environmental assessment and approval, J98.81
environmental impact assessment, J98.191-193
Framework Convention on Climate Change, J00.159-161
greenhouse emissions trading, see Greenhouse emissions trading
groundwater environmental protection policy, J98.96-99
heritage places of national significance, J98.82
interaction of Mining and Environment Protection Acts (WA), J99.19-20, J99.36-38, J99.39
Kyoto Protocol, J00.162-165
marine parks, J97.192-196
mineral lease, objection to (NT), J00.3
mining activities, regulation of (Qld), J00.180-185
draft Bill, J00.180-185
environmental authorities, J00.181-185
mining environmental protection policy, J98.365-366
mining lease, objection to (WA), J00.118-120
mining objections, J97.192, J97.279-291
movement of hazardous waste, J98.391-412
national environmental significance, J98.79
national park, J97.254-257
new Commonwealth legislation, J99.183-191
Acts replaced by, J99.183
bilateral agreements, J99.189-190
Commonwealth powers given to States, J99.185-186
criticisms, J99.185-187
economic issues, J99.186-187
matters of national environmental significance, J99.188-189
objects and principles, J99.185
role of Environment Minister, J99.187
new NSW legislation, J99.274-280
community “right to know”, J99.277
enforcement, J99.278-279
environment protection licence, J99.274-275
integrated licensing regime, J99.274-275
load-based licensing, J99.275, J99.276-277
notification duties, J99.275, J99.277-278
penalties, J99.275
powers of authorised officers, J99.275
Protection of the Environment Policies, J99.274
public participation, J99.277
recommendations, J99.279-280
voluntary environmental audits, J99.276, J99.278
objections to mining leases (WA), J99.15-20, J99.28-41, J99.214-217
planning and assessment, J97.274-279
pollution, J97.101
pollution control, J98.210-215
regulation of offshore installations and seabed activities, J98.109-137
reform of Commonwealth legislation, J98.4-7
Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld)
administration of, YB95.531–533
compliance with, YB95.527, YB95.528
enforcement, YB95.527
environmental activities, control of
approvals, YB95.527
licensing, YB95.527
environmental duty, concept of, YB95.530
environmental harm, concept of, YB95.526
Environmental Management Programme, YB95.527
environmental values, definition, YB95.526
freedom of information, YB95.528
general environmental duty, YB95.526
historical background to, YB95.521–522
industry, encouragement of responsibility by, YB95.530
integrated management programmes, creation of, YB95.526
licensing system under, YB95.533–534
management liability, YB95.529
Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld), conflict with, YB95.531–532
mining industry, impact on, YB95.534–535
mining title, grant of, YB95.534
standard criteria for, YB95.532–534
object of, YB95.525–526
obligations under, YB95.528
policies, development of, YB95.528-529, YB95.533
public involvement in decision-making, YB95.528
self disclosure requirements, YB95.530–531
standard criteria, development of, YB95.532
technical guidelines, release of, YB95.533
Environmental quality
Contamination, see Contamination
extractive industry projects, YB04.73
Environmental reporting
annual director's report, YB99.511-512
existing practices, YB99.516-517
mandatory, YB99.516, YB99.517-519
advantages and disadvantages, YB99.519-520
particular and significant environmental regulation, YB99.512-514
details of performance in relation to, YB99.515-516
public sector, YB99.517
statutory requirements, YB99.510
voluntary, YB99.516-517
Equipment supply
construction contracts, YB04.163
Equitable claims
common law claims, distinguished, YB04.123
equitable defences, YB04.123
Equitable compensation
causation, YB04.126–130
common law damages and, YB04.125
contributory negligence and, YB04.125
defendant's profit, reference to, YB04.125
definition, YB04.124
features, YB04.125–6
mitigation, YB04.126
object, YB04.124–5
remoteness, YB04.126–30
Equitable duties
commercial dealings, in, YB04.118
concurrent liability, YB04.122–3
remedies for breach, YB04.123–4
Equitable remedies
account of profits, YB04.123
discretionary, YB04.123
flexibility, YB04.123
Error of law
judicial review, see Judicial review
Error on the face of the record, B95.18
ESD
national strategy, YB96.445
objectives, YB96.445
Essential facilities, access to—see Access
Esso Australia Resources Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation, YB97.459-475
Estoppel, YB93.150–154; YB01.263-264, YB01.422
Europe
merger control regulation, YB01.3
Principles of European Contract Law, YB01.417
European Commission
BHP and Billiton, merger between, YB01.4-5
mergers, approach to, YB01.4-5
RTZ Corporation PLC and CRA Limited, YB01.4
European Union
EU Climate Change Policy, YB03.304–305
EU Renewable Energy Policy, YB03.302–303
Evidence
Aboriginal spiritual material, J00.134-136
privilege, J00.134-135
public interest immunity, J00.136
relevance, J00.135
waiver of privilege, J00.135-136
native title cases, in—see Native title
native title claim, continuing connection to land, J99.8-11
need to gather, YB04.99–100
of native title, B95.10–11
picketing cases, J00.132-133
right to gather, YB04.99–100
rules not applying to New South Wales Coal Compensation Review Tribunal, B95.9
Examinations
ASIC's power to conduct, YB04.85
Exclusion clauses, YB02.449
prohibition of, YB02.452
Exclusionary provisions
joint ventures, issues for, YB03.58–60
Exclusive dealing
joint ventures, issues for, YB03.62–63
Exclusive economic zone
customary international law, B95.2
declaration by Maritime Legislation Amendment Act 1994, B95.2
implementation of rights over mineral resources, B95.2
Exemption clauses
joint operating agreements, in—see Risk allocation
Expenditure—see Exploration expenditure
aggregation of, within project, J00.73-74, J00.75-76, J00.80
conditions, non-compliance with, J00.209-211
forfeiture, J00.210-211
exemption application
late lodgement, J00.207-209
previous applications, J00.211-212
statutory declarations, supporting, J00.212-213
warden’s role, J00.212-213
mining lease, exemption from, J00.204-205
project exemption, J00.205-206
mining tenement, exemption from requirements, J00.70-81
Expert evidence
native title cases, in, YB94.22, YB94.25
Experts' reports
ASIC, expert engaged by, YB99.477
ASX Listing Rules, YB99.458, 479
basis of assessment, YB99.486-487
breach of duty, YB99.466-468
fiduciary duty, YB99.471-472
Bre-X Minerals Busang affair, YB99.450-452
case law, YB99.457-476
Astley v Austrust Ltd, YB99.459-462
Duke Group Ltd v Pilmer, YB99.462-473
Matine Ltd, Re, YB99.473-475
challenging, reasons for, YB99.477
compromised reporting, YB99.442
contributory negligence, YB99.459-462, YB99.468-469
control premium, YB99.490-494
case study, YB99.491-494
Corporations Law provisions, YB99.458, YB99.479
damages, YB99.472-473
contractual, YB99.460-461
definition of expert, YB99.478
directors
duty to provide reliable information, YB99.469
issues for, YB99.463
liability, YB99.472
scrutiny of report, YB99.469-471
discounted cash flow methodology, YB99.487-489
beta co-efficient, YB99.489-490
gold premium, impact on, YB99.488-489
duties in contract and tort, YB99.464-465
breach, YB99.466-468
continuing duty of care, YB99.467-468
fiduciary duty, breach, YB99.471-472
engagement letter, YB99.482-485
erroneous sample calculation, YB99.474
experts, issues for, YB99.463
`fair and reasonable', meaning, YB99.486-487
goodwill, YB99.474
guiding principles, YB99.454-456
incomplete sign-off, YB99.443
indemnities and disclaimers, YB99.443
independence, YB99.440, 480-482
information gathering, YB99.482-485
interested parties, YB99.439-440
legal perspective, YB99.457-476
material omission in statement, YB99.474
merchant banker's perspective, YB99.477-494
methodology, YB99.487-491
control premium, YB99.490-494
discounted cash flow, YB99.487-489
negligence in preparation, YB99.466
risks areas, YB99.441-443, YB99.479-491
schemes of arrangement, YB99.473, YB99.479
scope, YB99.440-441
technical experts, reliance on, YB99.485
undue conservatism, YB99.442
Valmin Code, YB99.443-454
valuation approach, YB99.487-491
valuer's perspective, YB99.438-457
voluntary, YB99.441
when required, YB99.478-479
who is expert, YB99.478
written instructions, YB99.482
Exploration—see also Mining; Petroleum
aerial, YB94.311
rights of tenement holders, YB94.316
trespass, YB94.332, YB94.364
agreements
mutual interest provisions—see Mutual interest provisions
airborne magnetics, YB94.382
assessment lease, YB95.15, YB95.17
Australasian Code for Reporting of Identified Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, YB95.5
conceptual targeting, YB94.310
Defence Practice Area land, on, J99.101-104
definition under revised tax legislation, YB95.407–409
detailed, of tenement area, YB94.310
diamond drilling, YB95.3, YB95.4
disclosure of information—see Disclosure
drilling, YB94.381, YB96.256-265
electromagnetic surveys, YB94.383
expenditure on, YB95.3–4
expenditures, YB04.541–2
failure of landowner to secure recommendation of excise of land from application, B95.249
geologist, role of, YB95.2–3
government, YB96.206-207
ground surveys, YB94.310
landowner consent, YB96.206
licence, YB95.15, YB95.16-17
application procedure, YB96.546-547
conversion to mining lease, YB96.212
dealings, YB96.213-214
expenditure, YB96.211-212
granting, YB96.209
moratorium, YB96.213
procedures, YB96.208
relinquishment, YB96.210
reporting requirements, YB96.214
rights, YB96.211
size and shape, YB96.210
term, YB96.209-210
licences, royalty agreements and, YB04.254–5
Mineral Exploration Code of Practice (Tas), YB95.4
minerals, YB96.204, YB96.455-462
offshore investment, YB94.221, YB94.269
access to land as criteria, YB94.297–302
Argentina, YB94.280
Chile, YB94.280
China, YB94.281
countries, YB94.275
criteria for, YB94.277
data, access to, YB94.302–306
domestic obstacles, YB94.271
geological prospectivity, primacy of, YB94.271
India, YB94.280
Indonesia, YB94.279
Russia, YB94.281
security of tenure as criteria, YB94.282–290
taxes and royalties as criteria, YB94.290–297
trends in, YB94.270
open file assessment, YB94.310
orebodies, identification of, YB95.2–3
permit, YB93.427
petroleum, YB96.243-253
pre-feasibility study, YB95.4
regional assessment, YB94.310
resource and reserve, standardisation of definitions, YB95.5
resource evaluation, YB94.312
satellite images, YB94.381
trespass, YB94.365, YB94.384
split commodity arrangement (WA), J99.115-118
heads of agreement, whether binding, J99.115-117
restitution for unjust enrichment, J99.117-118
stages in exploration programme, YB94.309–312, YB94.379
stream sediment sampling, YB94.382
subsurface, YB94.311
rights of tenement holders, YB94.323
trespass, YB94.335
surface, YB94.310
rights of tenement holders, YB94.316
trespass, YB94.331
surrender of land not prospective, B95.107–108
techniques, effect of modern technology, YB94.309, YB94.380
trespass
aerial activities, YB94.332, YB94.364
surface activities, YB94.331
subsurface activities, YB94.335
unauthorised, disclosure of information—see Disclosure
without licence, YB96.207
Exploration expenditure
deductibility
feasibility studies, costs of, YB97.465-467
tenement acquisition costs, of, YB97.467
Esso Australia Resources Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation, YB97.459-475
joint venture, payments under, YB97.468-469
operatorship assumption payment, YB97.469-470
petroleum exploration, YB97.461-463
review, evaluation and bidding costs, YB97.463-467
rewrite of tax law, YB97.472-474
technology payment, YB97.468-469
tenement acquisition costs, YB97.470-472
deductibility of, YB97.467
Exploration licences
application following surrender by previous holder (WA), J99.219-220
application of expedited procedure, B96.175
claim for forfeiture for breach of expenditure conditions, B96.131–132
conversion to mining lease, B96.15–17, B96.111–112
“fit and proper person” test, B96.139–148
India, licensing policy, J99.228-229
jurisdiction to consider application, B96.130–131
maximum term (Vic), J99.12
renewal, B94.8
renewal terms (Vic), J99.12
single securities for multiple licences (NSW), J99.5-6
split commodity arrangement (WA), J99.115-118
under Mining Amendment Act 1994 (WA), B96.13
Exploration permit, J00.55
conditions (WA), J00.213-214
forfeiture application, J00.206-207
permittee, definition, J00.55
prohibitions (WA), J00.214
transfer and dealings, see Petroleum titles
Exploration permits
competitive bids, J99.100
Cth legislation amendments, J99.100-101
fixing blocks for renewal, J99.101
Land and Resources Tribunal (Qld) constitution, J99.79
Exploration tenement
validity of, YB02.200-201
Export
minerals, regulation, YB94.237
petroleum, YB94.237
Exports
GST, J99.55-57, YB00.445-447
Extinguishment of native title, J00.82, J00.85-87
Aborigines Act 1905 (WA), application, J00.95
actual use, J00.85, J00.99
adverse dominion, J00.88, 99
Argyle mining project, J00.90-92
clear and plain intention, J00.85, J00.96, J00.99
conditional purchase leases, J00.92
development of law, proper approach, J00.98
exploration licence, J00.92
flora and fauna rights, J00.94-95
general purpose lease, J00.92
grazing leases, J00.94
inconsistency of incidents test, J00.85, J00.96
degrees of inconsistency, J00.96
Limitation Act, application, J00.95
mineral tenements, J00.98
mining leases, J00.91-92
Noongoora Burr Quarantine Area, J00.95
onus of proof, J00.85, 99
Ord River Project, J00.89-90
partial extinguishment, J00.85, 97-98, J00.99
“past act” provisions of NTA, J00.94
pastoral leases, J00.86-87, J00.190-191, J00.262-263
permanent and total, must be, J00.96
regulation by legislation, J00.97
reserves, J00.88-89
leases of, J00.93-94
resources, J00.98
significant factors, J00.86
special leases, J00.92-93
suspension, J00.96-97, J00.99
town planning legislation, J00.97
vesting, J00.88
water rights, displacement of, J00.97
Wik case, J00.86-87, J00.190-191
Express terms
fair dealing, of, YB02.11, YB02.13
good faith, duty of, YB02.11, YB02.12, YB02.26
termination of contract, for, YB02.467
Extractive industry
subdivision of lands, J98.369-370
Consolidated Index: F
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Face of the record
reasons for decision do not usually form part of, B95.16
Fair dealing
breach of, YB02.2, YB02.4
concept of, YB02.4
duty of, YB02.2, YB02.11, YB02.13, YB02.19, YB02.21
breach of, YB02.2, YB02.4
creation of, YB02.15
disclaimer, YB02.12
implied, YB02.27
imposition of, YB02.3-4
scope of, YB02.4-9, YB02.16
expert testimony, YB02.9
express term, YB02.11, YB02.13
good faith and, YB02.41-42
implied term, YB02.3, YB02.13, YB02.462
breach of, YB02.13
objective standards, YB02.9
requirement of, YB02.9
sale of goods, YB02.9
scope of, YB02.4-9, YB02.16
Farm-in agreements
Commissioner’s discretion to determine tax period, J00.256-257
definition, J00.247
function, J00.248
going concern, as, J00.251-252
GST implications, J00.248-249
input tax credit (ITC), claiming, J00.249
joint venture provisions, J00.253, J00.254-255
taxable supply, J00.255-256
tax invoices, as, J00.250
Farm-outs
GST, J99.61
Federal Court of Australia
assessors, use in native title proceedings, YB94.8
constitutional validity of, YB94.82
jurisdiction
accrued, YB94.76
exclusive, YB94.76
mediation by, YB02.244
National Native Title Tribunal
appeals on points of law from, YB94.8, YB94.78
registration of decrees of, YB94.8, YB94.78
native title
adjudications on, YB94.3
assessors and consultants, use of, YB94.8
determinations, YB02.112, YB02.119, YB02.127-128
determinations, registration of, YB95.439–441
exclusive jurisdiction provisions, constitutional validity of, YB94.76
informal procedure, YB94.8
jurisdiction for determinations, YB02.119, YB02.182, YB02.183
mediation, YB02.244
Native Title Act, determinations under, YB02.112
refusal of applications, appeals in relation to, YB95.434–435
supervisory role, YB02.244
Federal government
environmental responsibility, YB93.411
Federal legislation
mining, YB96.170-176
Fiduciary duties
breach of, YB94.339, YB94.369, YB94.577, YB04.123
Barnes v Addey, rule in, YB94.375
Biala Pty Ltd v Mallina Holdings Ltd—see Biala Pty Ltd v Mallina Holdings Ltd
categories of relationships not closed, YB04.116
commercial relationships, YB04.116
contract, role of, YB04.118–19
co-venturers, YB93.236–240
fiduciary obligations, nature and extent, YB04.117–18
fiduciary relationship distinguished, YB94.372
joint venture agreements, YB04.115, YB04.120–1
nature of, YB04.116
remedies for breach, YB04.123
Fiduciary duty
breach of, YB02.585
remedies for, YB02.585, YB02.601-605
Chinese walls, YB02.573-581
at law, YB02.575-578
equity, YB02.575-578
protection, YB02.581
conflict of interest, see Conflict of interest
determination of, YB02.585
duration of, YB02.594-601
joint ventures, YB02.567-569
nature of, YB02.584
no-profit rule, YB02.566-567, YB02.569-573, YB02.584
partnership, YB02.559-561, YB02.567-569
protection from, YB02.581
relationships, YB02.584
resource relationships, YB02.558-573
trusteeship, YB02.559-561
unincorporated joint venture, YB02.561-566
Fiduciary relationship, YB96.377
Finance
gas pipelines project—see Gas pipelines
project finance, see Project finance
Financial ratios
debt service cover ratio (DSCR), YB03.96, YB03.158
interest cover ratio (ICR), YB03.96, YB03.158
loan life cover ratio (LLCR), YB03.96, YB03.158
project life cover ratio (PLCR), YB03.95, YB03.158
reserve tail ratio (RTR), YB03.96, YB03.158
Financial risk management, YB93.131–134—see also Forward contract, Options, Swap
capital adequacy requirements, YB93.90–91
contract terms, YB93.87–88
default risk measurement, YB93.88–90
derivatives—see Derivatives
documentation, YB93.92–96
forward contract—see Forward contract
hedging—see Hedging
Financier(s)
cure period, YB03.138
international standards, role of, YB04.49
lending decisions, YB03.164–165
letters of comfort, see Letters of comfort
Financing
assessing international mining regimes, YB97.297-308
country risks, YB97.304-308
ambiguities in law, YB97.306
civil disturbance, YB97.304
customary land tenure, YB97.307
dispute resolution, YB97.308
environmental risks, YB97.307
expropriation, YB97.305
foreign exchange restrictions, YB97.306
land access, YB97.307
political violence, YB97.304
war, YB97.304
India, gas and oil projects in, J99.229-231
issues, YB97.298-299
preconditions, YB97.300-304
credit and security, YB97.303
fiscal regime, YB97.301
legal regime, YB97.302
management, YB97.302
mineral title, YB97.301
repatriation of profits, YB97.301
sale of product, YB97.301
suitability, YB97.299-300
assessing petroleum developments, YB97.286-296
debt funding, YB97.187-189
equity funding, YB97.189
offshore units, J99.23
overseas ventures, YB97.190
project, YB97.298
project finance, J99.281-282
Fishing
native title rights, J00.14, J00.15, J00.16, J00.85
Fishing expeditions,YB04.87
subpoenas, YB04.103
Fishing rights
confirmation of, YB02.117
native title, YB02.117, YB02.139-141, YB02.161, YB02.166
“Fit and proper person” test, B96.139–148
Bond Media case, B96.140–141
Creswick Resources NL, B96.146–147
Croft, B96.144–145
Morgan and Taylor, B96.143
Pyrenees Mining Co NL, B96.143–144
Rimlex Mining NL/March Mining Pty Ltd, B96.145–146
Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO)
see also Offshore mobile craft
collisions, YB00.87
mortgages, registration of, YB00.84
oil pollution, liability for, YB00.87-88
proposed convention on, YB00.81-82, YB00.89-90
arguments for and against, YB00.83-84
registration, YB00.84-86
ship, whether classified as, YB00.81-90
Floors, YB93.107, YB93.123–125—see also Caps, Collars
Flora and fauna
environmental objection to mining lease, J00.118-120
extinguishment of native title, J00.94-95
Forecasts
revenue production, of, YB01.69-70
Force majeure
gas supply agreement, YB03.327
gas supplier’s facilities, affecting, YB03.353
power station, at, YB03.353
mining contract, YB03.425
power purchase agreement, YB03.348–349
risk, YB03.362
PRC contracts, YB03.187
third party contracts, clauses in, YB94.175
Force majeure clauses
absence of, YB04.286
allocation of shortfalls, YB04.304–9
buyer protection, YB04.313–15
definition, YB04.287
drafting, YB04.296–7
buyer protection, YB04.315
notice requirements, YB04.311–13
pre-existing events and causes, YB04.300
shortfall allocation, YB04.309
sub-contractors, YB04.298
supplier failure, YB04.303–4
exceptions, YB04.315–16
form and content, YB04.287–8
frustration
distinguished, YB04.290–2
overview of doctrine, YB04.288–90
test, YB04.289
interpretation approaches, YB04.292–6
notice requirements, YB04.310–13
confidentiality, YB04.312
piracy, see Piracy
pre-existing events and causes, YB04.298–300
purpose, YB04.286, YB04.317
repudiation of contract, YB04.316
steps taken to overcome obstacles, YB04.296–7
sub-contractors, failure of, YB04.297–8
supplier failure, YB04.300–4
termination for breach of essential term, YB04.315–6
Foreign corporations
listing in Australia, YB94.248
disclosure obligation, YB94.249
prospectus, preparation and lodgment, YB94.251
takeovers by, YB94.254
Foreign capital
Papua New Guinea, access to in—see Papua New Guinea
Foreign investment
joint ventures, in, see Joint ventures
mining, in—see Mining
People’s Republic of China, in, see People’s Republic of China
project finance, YB03.108
Foreign investment law, see Australian foreign investment law
Foreign investors
energy market, in
continued privatisation, expectation of, YB01.167-168
losses on investments, YB01.166, YB01.185
outcomes of reform process for, YB01.159-160, YB01.184
risk transfer to, YB01.159, YB01.166
Foreign ownership
Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline, YB94.232
print media, YB94.232
Foreign public officials
bribery of, see International bribery and corruption
definition, YB00.17
Foreign torts
jurisdiction of Australian courts, YB96.557-564
Forestry
carbon sequestration rights, J99.3
Forfeiture
allowable expenditure, B94.65
apportionment of expenditure between several tenements, B94.188
claimed expenditure exaggerated, B94.14
costs of unsuccessful application to withdraw plaints, B94.14
evidence of expenditure not limited to Form 5, B94.116
expenditure conditions not met, B95.17–19
formal evidence of expenditure conditions required, B95.19
insufficient evidence that expenditure conditions not met, B94.155
plaints alleged abuse of process, B94.116
relevant considerations, B95.19
what constitutes expenditure, B94.117–118
Forum non conveniens discretion, YB00.40, YB00.42-47
Australian approach, YB00.43-47
Oceanic, test in, YB00.43-44
oppression and vexation, YB00.43-47
St Pierre, test in, YB00.43
UK approach, YB00.43
US approach, YB00.43
Voth, test in, YB00.44-46
Forward contract, YB93.74–77, YB93.103, YB93.121—see also Financial risk management, Futures
copper, YB93.82
coupon only swap, YB93.81–82
flat or “par” forwards, YB93.78–79
floating cross-currency swap, YB93.79–81
FX contracts, YB93.77–78
participating option, YB93.82–84
Fossickers
right to enter land (NSW), J99.106
FPSO, see Floating Production, Storage and Offloading
vessel (FPSO)
Framework Convention on Climate Change, J00.158, J00.159-161
background, J00.159-161
carbon trading regime, J98.40
developments after, J00.161
emissions trading and carbon credits, J98.341-345
enforcement, J97.136-138
implications, J97.139
Kyoto Protocol, J98.30-42, J00.162-165
developments after, J00.165
flexibility mechanisms, J00.163-165
obligations, J97.135
tradeable permits, J97.139
France
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.249, J99.250
Franchise
contractual obligation, YB02.34
good faith, of, YB02.34
duty of good faith, YB02.10-11
Franchising, multi site see Downstream petroleum industry
Frauds, statute of
relationship to Property Law Act (WA), J01.42-43
Free trade agreements
AUSFTA, YB04.574
advantages, YB04.583–4
history of negotiations, YB04.574–5
key elements, YB04.576
nature of, YB04.575–6
bilateral and multilateral treaties, YB04.576–7
dispute resolution, YB04.581–3
e-commerce, YB04.580
GATT, under, YB04.575–6
government procurement, YB04.579–80
intellectual property rights, YB04.580–1
investment, YB04.578–9
market access for goods, YB04.577–8
Most Favoured Nation principle, conflict with, YB04.575–6
resources industry, benefits to, YB04.583–4
Freedom of association
individual workplace agreements, whether breach, J00.25-34
injunction against breach, J00.27
workplace agreements, whether breach of, YB00.579
BHP Iron Ore case, YB00.582-589
Cth legislation, YB00.580-581, YB00.582
international conventions, YB00.581-582
WA legislation, YB00.580
French, Re; Ex parte Serpentine-Jarrahdale Ratepayers and Residents Association, YB94.598
objections to mining tenements, grounds a warden may hear, YB94.599
Full Court’s decision, YB94.609
hearing by warden, YB94.608
majority decision, YB94.610
minority decision, YB94.613
ramifications of, YB94.614
standing of objectors, YB94.615
previous cases, YB94.599
Frustration
exceptions, YB04.315–16
force majeure, distinguished, YB04.290–2
liabilities accrued prior to event, YB04.290
overview of doctrine, YB04.288–90
limitations, YB04.289–90
repudiation of contract, YB04.316
termination for breach of essential term, YB04.315–6
test, YB04.289
Fundamental breach
doctrine of, YB02.449
Future act regime, J02.220-221
alternative action, YB02.179
application of, YB02.185, YB02.208
authorisation of, YB02.244-245
compensation, YB02.178, YB02.182, YB02.186, YB02.187
effect of, YB02.119-122
establishment of, YB02.133, YB02.178
future act, definition of, YB02.178
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), under, YB02.133
non-extinguishment principle, YB02.178
notification, YB02.181
procedural
fairness, YB02.181, YB02.183
operation of, YB02.208
requirements for, YB02.178, YB02.183
purpose of, YB02.182
requirements, YB02.178, YB02.179, YB02.183
restraint of, YB02.183-184
interlocutory injunction, YB02.183-184
right to negotiate, YB02.184-185
rights under, YB02.182
validity of, YB02.119-122, YB02.133
statutory, YB02.178-179, YB02.182, YB02.183
Future flow transactions
project rating, YB99.1, YB99.22-26
ESAA, YB99.318-323
ability to produce, YB99.24-25
financial performance of company, YB99.24
importance to industry, YB99.24
importance to sovereign, YB99.24
legal framework, YB99.25-26
local currency issuer credit rating, YB99.23
operating performance of company, YB99.25
other companies, treatment of, YB99.25
structure of company, YB99.25
structure of finance, YB99.22
willingness to produce, YB99.24-25
Futures, YB93.75–76, YB93.104–105—see also Derivatives, Securities
common law features, YB93.121
definition, YB93.126
exclusions, YB93.111–112
legislative provisions, YB93.126–130
market, YB93.112
types
adjustment agreement, YB93.110–111, YB93.129
eligible commodity agreement, YB93.109–110, YB93.127
eligible exchange traded option, YB93.111, YB93.129
exclusions from definition, YB93.111–112
futures option, YB93.111, YB93.129
Futures trading
greenhouse gas emissions, see also Greenhouse gas emissions
developing market, YB00.402-403
establishing market, YB00.398-399
jurisdiction, YB00.403-404
legislation, YB00.404
market access, YB00.404-405
market rules, YB00.404-405
regulation, YB00.405-406
verification, YB00.406
nature of futures contracts, YB00.401-402
Consolidated Index: G
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Gas, YB96.238-239
ACCC, role of, YB04.364–5, YB04.370–1, YB04.376–9, YB04.387–8
Western Australia, YB04.381
access arrangements, YB04.183
application procedure, YB04.207–8
assessment, YB04.394
essential facilities doctrine, application of, YB04.203, YB04.205
MCE recommendations, YB04.417
provider has no excess capacity, YB04.208–11
risk of coverage, YB04.390–2
vertical integration, YB04.206
access to upstream facilities, see Access to upstream facilities
AGL Letter of Agreement, YB04.389
Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC), YB04.370, YB04.372–4
Australian Energy Regulator (AER), YB04.370, YB04.375–6
characteristics of Australian markets, YB99.196-197, YB99.210-211
coal seam gas extraction, impact on coal mining (Qld), J00.6-7
contract (New Zealand), see Gas Contract heads of Agreement
coverage, YB04.408–9
risk, YB04.390–2, YB04.406, YB04.410
distribution of reserves and pipelines, YB99.212
Eastern Gas Pipeline, YB04.389, YB04.390, YB04.420
gas-fired power generation, YB00.283, YB00.305
advanced gas turbine combined cycle, YB00.295-296
capital costs, YB00.290
emissions, YB00.291
fuel cells, YB00.296-297
new technologies, YB00.295-297
joint marketing, see Joint marketing
joint ventures, YB04.418–20
limitations on storage, B95.82
liquefied natural, see Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Longford gas explosion, YB99.295
causation, YB99.311-314
defence and cross-claim, YB99.310-311
loss or damage caused, YB99.314
misleading and deceptive conduct, YB99.304, YB99.306-309
representative proceedings against Esso, YB99.295, YB99.302-314
statement of claim, YB99.306-310
statutory liability, YB99.302-314
maritime transportation, YB04.282–3
Mereenie Producers, YB04.388
Ministerial Council on Energy (MCE)
establishment, YB04.388
role of, YB04.369–70, YB04.388–9
monopoly power, abuse of, YB04.358
Moomba-Adelaide Pipeline System (MAPS), YB04.396–8
Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System (MSP), YB04.390–2, YB04.400–3
National Competition Policy, YB04.359–61
national framework, COAG recommendations, YB94.265
National Gas Pipelines Advisory Committee (NGPAC), YB04.365, YB04.378
National Third Party Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline Systems, YB04.386–7
access arrangements, assessing, YB04.394
conflicting considerations, YB04.393–4
industry regulation, YB04.405
objects clause, YB04.411
principles, YB04.219–20, YB04.412–13
Productivity Commission Review, YB04.403–8, YB04.420
recommendations, YB04.408–13
purpose, YB04.393
Regulator, discretion of, YB04.395–6
National Third Party Access Regime for Natural Gas Pipelines, YB04.386–7
rationale, YB04.403
natural gas, definition, YB99.179
North West Shelf Project, YB04.388
optimised replacement cost (ORC), YB04.400
contingency, YB04.402
parameter risk, YB04.406–7, YB04.410–11
Parer Report, YB04.389, YB04.404, YB04.413–15
Petroleum Act 2000 (SA), regulation by
security of supply, YB00.564-566
third party access provisions, YB00.574-576
storage reservoirs, YB00.574-576
transmission pipelines, YB00.574
underground storage, YB00.567, YB00.578
pipeline, definition, YB99.178-179
pipeline transportation favoured over liquefaction, B95.82
Pohokura gas field, see Pohokura gas field
pricing regulation, YB04.219, YB04.222, YB04.408–9
capital base issues, YB04.219–22
Moomba-Sydney decision, YB04.220–2
privatisation and deregulation, YB04.182, YB04.359
reform in Australia, YB99.196
regulation, YB04.357, YB04.364-5, YB04.371, YB04.379, YB04.386-8. YB04.405-7, YB04.420-1
access code, see National Third Party Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline Systems above
asymmetric truncation, YB04.407, YB04.410–11
COAG Energy Markets Review recommendations, YB04.367–8, YB04.416
efficiency, promotion of, YB04.358
evolution of new regime, YB04.368
existing regime, YB04.359
investment impediments, YB04.407
legislation, YB04.361
objectives, YB04.369
quality and reliability, YB04.358
regulatory error, YB04.406
regulatory risk, YB04.406–7, YB04.410–11
successful, YB04.358–9
representative proceedings against suppliers, YB99.295
sale and purchase agreements, YB03.87
security of supply, ways to ensure, J00.201
storage, see Underground gas storage
transmission pipeline infrastructure, development of, YB04.389
UK code, see Offshore Infrastructure Code of Practice (UK)
underground storage, see Underground gas storage
upstream competition
access and, YB99.196-198, YB99.208-211
importance, YB99.196-197
increasing, YB99.197-198
upstream facilities, access to, see Access to upstream
facilities
upstream issues, YB04.387, YB04.413, YB04.421
access to facilities, YB04.414–15
acreage management, YB04.415
joint marketing, YB04.417
separate marketing, YB04.413–14
Upstream Issues Working Group, YB99.179-182, YB99.202-203
water management, YB04.432
Gas access regime, see also Access regimes
ACCC, regulation by, YB01.183
access arrangements, YB01.330-332
minimum content, YB01.332-333
alternative approaches, YB01.341-343
asset valuation
issues, YB01.222-223
optimisation by regulators, YB01.224
competition, promotion of, YB01.231, YB01.232, YB01.311, YB01.314-315, YB01.318-321
contracts with associates, YB01.335
coverage
requirements for, YB01.336-338
resistance to, YB01.339-341
declaration of service, YB01.312
criteria, YB01.313-314
dispute resolution, YB01.335
Duke decision, YB01.203, YB01.225
duplication of facility not economical, YB01.23, YB01.311, YB01.322-323
Eastern Gas Pipeline (EGP) coverage decision, YB01.304-305
facility
meaning of, YB01.315
national significance, YB01.311, YB01.324-325
Gas Pipelines Access Code, YB01.23, YB01.199
asset valuation issues, YB01.222-223
Code Register, YB01.23-24
coverage tests, YB01.221-222
information disclosure requirements, YB01.222
Introduction to, YB01.24
objectives, YB01.328-330
origins, YB01.220
pricing issues, YB01.222-223
uneconomic to develop test under, YB01.203, YB01.304
Gas Pipelines Access Law (GPAL), YB01.199, YB01.310, YB01.328
objectives, YB01.328-330
overview, YB01.328-330
Gas Reform Implementation Group (GRIG), framework of, YB01.23
information, publication of, YB01.334
investors, certainty for, YB01.224
legislative scheme
overview, YB01.310
National Gas Access Regime, YB01.199
Natural Gas Pipelines Access Agreement, YB01.23, YB01.198, YB01.220
pipelines as natural monopoly, YB01.316
pre-existing regimes, YB01.326
Productivity Commission review of, YB01.197, YB01.207-219, YB01.225, YB01.301-303
public interest, YB01.326-328
recent developments, YB01.24-25
reference tariff principles, YB01.336
regulatory bodies’ assessment of, YB01.23
ring fencing obligations, YB01.333-334
safety, no risk to, YB01.311, YB01.325
service, definition, YB01.315
Gas Contract heads of Agreement
“all reasonable endeavours” obligation, J00.274
binding agreement, as, J00.269
enforceability, J00.270-271, J00.272-273
incomplete agreement
force majeure, J00.272
liability for non-delivery, J00.271-272
prepaid gas relief, J00.272
negotiations, J00.268
Gas Corporation Act 1994 (WA)
establishment of Alinta Gas Corporation, B95.14
Gas Electricity Certificates (GECs)
demand, creating, YB03.270
duration of scheme, YB03.269
legislation, YB03.270
supply, creating, YB03.270
Gas exports, J97.206-211
contracts, J97.206-211
price, J97.209
quantities, J97.208
transportation, J97.206
Gas industry, see also Natural gas
Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline Systems, J99.93
access regimes
Dampier to Bunbury pipeline—see Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline Scheme
Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement, YB95.389–391
Moomba-Sydney pipeline—see Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth)
Natural Gas Pipelines Access Act 1995 (SA), YB95.393
New South Wales, developments in, YB95.393
Petroleum Pipelines Act 1969 (WA), s 21, YB95.391-392
Queensland, developments in, YB95.393
rights and negotiation models, comparison of, YB95.373–374
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), Pt IIIA, under—see National competition policy
Victoria, developments in, YB95.392–393
access undertakings to the ACCC, B96.81–83
accreditation of “effective” access regimes, B96.79–81
amendments to Vic legislation, J99.90-94, J99.191-196
anti-competitive conduct rule, J99.91
appeal tribunal powers, J99.193-194
confidentiality requirements, J99.193
correction of directions, J99.90, 92
declared emergencies, J99.194
definitions, J99.93, J99.192
infringement notices, J99.195
offences, J99.194
pipelines access, J99.93, J99.196
protection from liability, J99.91, J99.93, J99.195
provision of information, J99.92
safety law amendments, J99.93-94, J99.196
anti-competitive conduct, YB95.268–271
long-term sales agreements, effect, YB95.272
relevant market, identification of, YB95.271–272
blending services, YB95.246
Canada, in—see Gas industry: experience in Canada
COAG Gas Reform Task Force, B96.72, B96.81
competition, development of, YB95.324-327, YB95.352-353
access, issues of, YB95.325
interstate sale, relaxation of restrictions on, YB95.350–352
foreign companies, YB95.353
national competition policy, implementation of—see National competition policy
timeframe, YB95.325
United Kingdom, in, YB95.326–327
United States, in, YB95.325–327
compressor stations, YB95.247
contractual arrangements, YB95.245-246, YB95.254-256
United Kingdom, in, YB95.296–297
convergence with electricity market, YB01.220
Council of Australian Governments, proposals for reform, YB95.316-317, YB95.355-356
dispatching centre, YB95.246
distribution system, YB95.247
electricity supply system, restructuring of, effect, YB95.241
exploration, Schedule of Specific Requirements, B96.102–103
failure to supply, legal and insurance implications, J99.42-53
gathering system for raw gas, YB95.246
government policies, changes to, YB95.24, YB95.248
approvals, review of, YB95.254
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, establishment of, YB95.254
Gas Act 1986 (UK), privatisation under, YB95.294
government ownership of assets, divestiture of, YB95.252–253
Hilmer Report, adoption of pro- competitive policies, YB95.253
legislation, changes to, YB95.253–254
micro-economic reform, effect of, YB95.304–308
National Competition Council, establishment of, YB95.254
United States, in, YB95.297–298
Victoria, in—see Victoria infra
historical background, YB95.311–313
India, projects in, J99.221-240
Industry Commission, report by, YB95.336–337
infrastructure and midstream agreements, J99.199-200
interstate grid, establishment of, YB95.322–323
investment in, YB95.240–242
Longford incident, J99.42, J99.43, J99.49, J99.90
NSW Interconnect Transmission Pipeline, J99.192
overseas utilities, comparison with, YB95.314–315
national competition policy, implementation of—see National competition policy
national gas pipeline grid, YB01.220
natural gas
ownership of, YB95.243
petroleum laws in respect of, YB95.243
New South Wales, in—see New South Wales
past restrictions on competition and entry, YB01.181
peaking services, YB95.246–247
pipelines—see Gas pipelines
price of gas, YB95.257
Canada, in, YB95.302
United Kingdom, in, YB95.294, YB95.296-297
United States, in, YB95.298
pricing issues, B96.68–69
reform see Energy industry reform
reform of industry, YB95.327
Council of Australian Governments, proposals by, YB95.316–317
Victoria, in—see Victoria infra
sales agreement for supply of gas
annual and daily quantities, YB95.256
annual minimum quantity, YB95.256–257
anti-competitive conduct where long-term, YB95.272
indemnity of seller, YB95.257
measuring equipment, accuracy and access to, YB95.257
quality and pressure requirements, YB95.256
reserves, adequacy of, YB95.257
term of contract, YB95.256
United Kingdom, in, YB95.294
United States, in, YB95.298
volume adjustment provisions, YB95.257
South Australia Cooper Basin, supply of gas from, YB95.308–310
state markets, development of, YB95.313
storage services, YB95.247
supply contract, delivery point (Qld), J99.107-108
system extensions and capacity enhancements, B96.69–70
technology, role of, YB95.323–324
third-party access, B96.62–74
access declarations, B96.67, B96.76–79
processing plants, B96.67, B96.78
transportation—see Gas pipelines
treatment and processing plant, YB95.246
underground storage, see Underground gas storage
United Kingdom, in—see British Gas
United States, in—see Gas industry: experience in the United States
VENCorp
directions, amendment of, J99.90
enhancement of powers, J99.191
protection from liability, J99.91, J99.93
provision of information to, J99.92
Victoria, reforms in
access regimes, YB95.392–393
Gas Industry Act 1994, introduction of, YB95.317–318
Gas Transmission Corporation, establishment of, YB95.319–320
distribution and marketing, YB95.321–322
tariffs for transportation, setting of, YB95.320–321
third party access principles, YB95.318–319
Victoria see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
Western Australia, in—see Western Australia
Gas industry: experience in Canada
contracts for supply, YB95.304
deregulation of market, YB95.301–302
market forces, YB95.303
price of gas, YB95.302
regulation, YB95.303–304
take-or-pay arrangements, YB95.304
transportation charges, YB95.302–303
Gas industry: experience in the United States
competition, development of, YB95.325–327
contracts for supply, YB95.298, YB95.299, YB95.300
Californian gas market, in, YB95.301
changes in, YB95.300–301
electricity market, competition in, YB95.297
interconnection, cases in relation to, YB95.340–341
price of gas, YB95.298
regulation, YB95.297–298
pipeline transmission, YB95.299–300
take-or-pay arrangements, YB95.300–301
transportation charges, YB95.299
Gas industry reform
competition policy, interstate comparison, B95.257–260
demand forecasts for WA natural gas, B95.254
establishment of market in WA, B95.250–252
impact of deregulation in WA
Pilbara and Eastern Goldfields, B95.252–253
South west, B95.253–254
impediments to development of competitive markets, B95.83–85
joint ventures, B95.81–83
market identification, B95.80–81
new energy development opportunities in WA, B95.254–256
summary of developments in 1994, B95.76–77
third party access regimes, B95.78–80
transport of gas in south-west WA, B95.256–257
Gas pipelines—see also Gas industry
access (Vic), J99.93, J99.196
Commonwealth legislation, J83-85
national natural gas pipeline access agreement, J98.138-163
New South Wales legislation, J98.85
Northern Territory legislation, J98.362-364
South Australian legislation, J98.23
Victorian legislation, J98.26-28, J98.99
anti-competitive conduct, YB95.268-271, YB95.285-286
long-term sales agreements, effect, YB95.272
relevant market, identification of, YB95.271–272
capacity of, YB95.245–246
compressor stations, YB95.247
construction of
contract, YB95.281–283
costs, YB95.247–248
risks associated with, YB95.286
regulations in relation to, YB95.261–263
risks, YB95.281–283
environmental issues, YB95.262
financing of
leasing, YB95.290
limited or non-recourse loans, YB95.289–290
performance guarantees, YB95.290–291
security for, YB95.291–292
throughput arrangements, YB95.287–289
gas haulage agreement
allocation of capacity
imbalances, YB95.259
nature of service
nomination of capacity, YB95.259
non self displacement clause, YB95.260
option to reduce quantity, YB95.260
overrun gas, YB95.259
tariffs, YB95.259–260
Victoria, principles for setting in, YB95.320–321
United Kingdom, charges in, YB95.295
unused capacity, forfeiture of, YB95.260
high pressure transmission, YB95.246
India, J99.233-235
interstate grid, establishment of, YB95.322–323
investment in, issues in relation to, YB95.240–255
approvals, review of, YB95.254
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, establishment of, YB95.254
contractual arrangements, YB95.245-246, YB95.254-258
demand for services, YB95.252
financial arrangements, YB95.255
government ownership of assets, divestiture of, YB95.252–253
Hilmer Report, adoption of pro- competitive policies, YB95.253
interdependency of participants, YB95.255
legislation, changes to, YB95.253–254
National Competition Council, establishment of, YB95.254
land, access to, YB95.272–273
market risk, YB95.285
Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline—see Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline
native title, YB95.239
extinguishment of title, YB95.273–274
new projects, YB95.275–276
old pipeline corridors, YB95.274–275
open access, introduction of
New South Wales, legislation in, YB95.267, YB95.338
pipeline project, effect on, YB95.268
Queensland, legislation in, YB95.267
South Australia, legislation in, YB95.266, YB95.305
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), amendments in relation to, YB95.254, YB95.264-265, YB95.286
Victoria, legislation in, YB95.267, YB95.318-319
Western Australia, legislation in, YB95.266
operation, regulation of, YB95.263
ownership of, YB95.248–252
functions, determination of, YB95.251–252
risks associated with
buyer, YB95.250
owner, YB95.250
seller, YB95.249–259
regulation, YB95.263–264
structure for, YB95.248-249, YB95.250-251
Pipeline Access Code, YB95.392
pipeline, definitions, YB95.244–245
pipeline project, establishment of new
“bankability”, concept of, YB95.280–281
financing, YB95.287–291
security for, YB95.291–292
risks involved in, YB95.281–287
political risk, YB95.287
price control, YB95.263
regulations, impact of, YB95.260–272
competition laws, introduction of, YB95.253-254, YB95.264-265
sacred site
pipeline corridor, proposal for, YB95.239, YB95.276-277
federal and state legislation, protection under, YB95.276
registers, maintenance of, YB95.276–277
supply of gas, risk in relation to, YB95.283–285
transportation of gas, YB95.245
contractual arrangements for, YB95.245-246, YB95.254-258
gas haulage agreement—see gas haulage agreement supra
high pressure transmission, YB95.246
gas sales, long-term
anti-competitive, J01.166-179
authorisation by ACCC, J01.181-183
enforceability, J01.312-325
exclusive dealing, J01.168
pre-emptive, J01.181
take or pay, J01.180-181
Trade Practices Act implications, J01.165 -185
gas storage, underground
authorisation, J01.70-73, J01.75-77
ownership, J01.68-70, J01.74-75
Western Australia, J01.65-77
Gas supply
access to information, J98.209
authorisation of conduct, J98.206
competition, J97.108-114, J98.207
Cooper Basin (Ratification) Act 1975 (SA), J97.111, J97.258
corporate status of suppliers, J98.203
licensing, J97.109
regulation of anti-competitive conduct, J98.205
restrictions on cross-ownership: significant producers”, J98.205
Gas supply agreement (GSA)
bankability, YB03.87–91
buyer’s and seller’s maintenance, YB03.324–325
risk, YB03.355
commencement date, YB03.318
conditions precedent, YB03.317–318
default, YB03.326
delivery point, YB03.323
force majeure, YB03.327
gas supplier’s facilities, affecting, YB03.353
power station, at, YB03.353
indemnity, YB03.327
key aspects, YB03.316
law, change in, YB03.322
limitation of liability, YB03.327
measurement, YB03.325
metering, YB03.325
minimum annual quantity, reductions in, YB03.320
nominations, YB03.324
PPA pricing, integration with, YB03.322
price re-determination provisions, YB03.321
pricing provisions, YB03.321
quality
risk, YB03.354
specifications, YB03.324
quantities of gas, YB03.320–321
risk allocation, YB03.350–356
buyer’s and seller’s maintenance, YB03.355
cost overrun, YB03.355
delays in construction/commissioning, YB03.352
gas demand risk, YB03.351
permitting/approvals risk, YB03.351
quality risk, YB03.354
supply shortfall, YB03.354
sale and purchase obligation, YB03.321
sources of supply, YB03.323
supplier
maintenance risk, YB03.355
restrictions, YB03.324
‘‘take or pay’’ provisions, YB03.319–320
tax, change in, YB03.322
term, YB03.318
types, YB03.316
warranty as to title, YB03.325
Gas transmission, YB02.293-294
access arrangements, YB02.291, YB02.292
tariffs, YB02.291
access regulatory framework, YB02.294-303, YB02.318
blue sky earning potential, YB02.316-317
central themes, YB02.313
Code, YB02.296-297
downside risk, YB02.315-316
Draft Greenfields Guidelines, YB02.312-317
Gas Pipeline Access Legislation, YB02.296
role of, YB02.203
Trade Practices Act, YB02.295
infrastructure, YB02.291
coverage revocation applications, YB02.303-307
Eastern Gas Pipeline YB02.297-298, YB02.308-311
Moomba to Sydney Pipeline System, YB02.308-311
Parmelia Pipeline, YB02.311-312
investment, YB02.291-293, YB02.297-298
unregulated, YB02.308-312
initial capital base, YB02.315-316
monopoly, YB02.293, YB02.297
pipelines, YB02.293-294
regulation, YB02.294
risk profile, YB02.314-315
tariffs, YB02.315-316
trade in, YB02.291
Gas transportation agreement (GTA)
background to contracting, YB03.329–330
balancing, YB03.334
capacity to be transported, YB03.330–331
delivery points, YB03.331–332
duration, YB03.331
lateral
construction of, YB03.330
dedicated, YB03.330
liability, YB03.336
major elements, YB03.328
metering, YB03.336
nominations, YB03.333–334
outlet station, YB03.330
peaking, YB03.334–335
quality of gas, YB03.335–336
tariff, YB03.332–333
title to gas, YB03.335
who delivers and receives gas, YB03.332
Gaming contract, YB93.114–115, YB93.116–121, YB93.122–123
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Australian mineral exporters, benefits to, YB94.236
general-purpose lease
refusal where excess area, J02.57-58
Geologist—see Mining
geosequestration
regulatory framework, J04.211-213
geothermal
exploration, J04.124-128
permits, J04.124-128
Geothermal energy, YB00.311-312
licence, YB00.567
Petroleum Act 2000 (SA), regulated by, YB00.567
Global society
NGOs, function of, YB04.58
unequal distribution of wealth and power, YB04.56
universal standards, need for, YB04.46
Global standards, see International standards
Going concerns
GST on supply of, YB99.401-402, YB00.449-453
contract issues, YB00.449-451
farm-out arrangement, whether applies to, YB00.451
transfer of joint venture interest, YB00.451-453
New Zealand, YB99.416-423
Gold, YB93.321–332—see also Tailings
hedging, YB93.380
new mines, YB93.375–376
Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement
compulsory access regime under, YB95.389–391
Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline Scheme, interaction with, YB95.390–391
Gold industry
Hedging, see Hedging
key players, YB02.626-629
Gold mining, YB96.167
environmental protection, J00.202
reforms (Vic), J00.201-202
Good faith
agreement to negotiate, see Agreement to negotiate
contract law, meaning in, J99.163-164
contract performance in, see Contract
cause of action, YB02.1, YB02.11, YB02.23, YB02.35-36
concept of, YB02.4, YB02.36
contractual obligation, YB02.34
court interpretation, YB02.10-11
declaration of service application, J99.136-137
default rule, YB02.11-12, YB02.15
disclaimer, YB02.12
doctrine, YB02.27
duty of, YB02.1, YB02.2, YB02.6, YB02.13, YB02.18-21, YB02.38, YB02.473-474, YB02.486-495
agreement at will, YB02.3
Australia, YB02.25-30, YB02.46
breach of, YB02.2, YB02.4, YB02.11, YB02.13, YB02.14, YB02.17, YB02.35, YB02.46
damages for breach, YB02.2
disclaimer, YB02.12
discretion, YB02.1, YB02.5-7, YB02.12
express terms, see Express terms
government tenders, YB02.33
implied, see Implied terms
imposition of, YB02.3-4, YB02.10
independent, YB02.1
mandatory, YB02.12
reasonable, YB02.19, YB02.32, YB02.35-37, YB02.39
standard form contracts, YB02.27, YB02.33, YB02.41-43
termination for breach, YB02.4
United States, YB02.1-2, YB02.22-27
United States Uniform Commercial Code, YB02.2, YB02.3, YB02.12
duty to negotiate, see Duty to negotiate
express terms, see Express terms
fair dealing and, YB02.41-42
franchise, YB02.10-11
honesty, YB02.6, 8
implied terms, see Implied terms
international trade, in, YB01.416
legitimate business judgment, YB02.4-8
LNG contracts, YB04.327
meaning of, YB02.4, YB02.36
native title negotiations, J99.112-113, J99.153-166
application to all parties, J99.160-164
AIRC cases, J99.161-163
effect on grantee, J99.153-166
NNTT and Federal Court decisions, J99.155-160
principles and propositions, J99.155-158
“reasonableness”, relevance of, J99.158-160
public power, exercise of, YB02.440
reasonableness, YB02.8, YB02.32, YB02.35-37, YB02.39, YB02.41-42
requirement for, YB02.7
right of, YB02.10
scope of, YB02.4-9, YB02.17-18, YB02.27
standard of, YB02.4
objective, YB02.8
subjective, YB02.6, YB02.8
unconscionability and, YB02.41-42
Goods
originating, meaning of, YB04.578
Rules of Origin, YB04.577–8
Goods and services tax (GST), J00.248
ACCC pricing issues, YB00.442-444
agents, YB99.410, YB00.460
agreements spanning 1 July 2000, YB99.395-398
construction agreements, YB99.385-386, YB99.399
non-reviewable, YB99.384-385
progressive or periodic supplies under, YB99.383-384, YB99.398-399
amalgamated companies, YB99.408-409
anti-avoidance provisions, YB99.411, YB00.444-445
basic principles, YB99.393-394
business, definition, J00.252
cash-flow considerations, YB00.441
cash flow implications, J99.60
certainty of contract, YB00.437
coal swaps and borrows, YB00.453
common mistakes by lawyers, YB00.430-434
consideration, meaning of, YB00.438
consideration, payment of, YB99.402-403
Consumer Price Index, YB00.443
contracts spanning 1 July 200, J99.58-60
creditable acquisitions, YB00.441-442
diesel fuel credits, J99.61
defective recovery clause, YB00.432
demurrage, YB00.455-456
deposits, YB00.440
dispatch, YB00.455-456
drafting contracts to avoid mistakes, YB00.434-442
enterprise, definition, J00.252
exports, J99.55-57, YB99.379-381, YB00.445-447
farm-outs, J99.61
forgetting, YB00.431-432
going concerns, YB99.401-402, YB99.449-453
New Zealand, YB99.416-423
going concerns and capital assets, J00.252
gross-up clause, YB00.434-437
GST Act, YB99.392-393
GST branches, YB99.390-391, YB99.408
GST clause in contract, YB00.430-431
GST-free goods and services, YB99.376-377
GST groups, YB99.388-389, YB99.404-408, YB00.456, YB00.459-460
administrative matters, YB99.407-408
membership, YB99.405-406
GST joint ventures, J99.60-61, YB00.456-458
GST pricing (NZ), YB99.423-428
implied contractual term, YB99.426-427
pricing clauses, YB99.423-425
recovery/indemnity clauses, YB99.426
Tri Star case, YB99.427-428
impact on businesses, YB99.378-379
impact on mining industry, J99.54-62
imported ore, J99.62
imports, J99.57-58
indemnities, YB99.410-411, YB99.426
input tax credit, entitlement to, YB99.396-397
input tax credit (ITC), claiming, J00.249
input tax credits, YB00.441, YB00.442
input-taxed supplies, YB99.377
invoice, YB00.440-441
invoice, timing of, YB99.402
joint venture provisions, J00.253
joint ventures, YB99.389-390, YB99.404, YB00.456-458
New Zealand, YB99.414-416
legislative reform, J00.257
margin schemes, YB99.400-401
misconceptions, YB00.430-434
motor vehicles, input tax credits for, YB99.387-388
multiple supplies, YB00.439
New Zealand, YB99.412-437
going concerns, YB99.416-423
joint ventures, YB99.414-416
non-residents, YB99.428-437
pricing, YB99.423-428
terminology, YB99.413
zero rating, YB99.412, 413
non-residents, YB99.390-391
New Zealand, YB99.428-437
overview, J99.54-55, YB99.375-378
payment, YB99.377, YB99.402-403
pre-1 July 2000 contracts, YB00.433-434
precious metals, J99.58
private sales, YB99.37
recipient, issues for, YB00.441-442
reciprocal supplies/barter, YB00.439
recovery, YB00.432
refining fees, J99.62
reimbursable items, YB00.439
remote housing, supply of, YB00.454-455
resources industry issues, YB00.445-461
agents, YB00.460
coal swaps and borrows, YB00.453
demurrage and dispatch, YB00.455-456
exports, YB00.445-447
going concerns, YB00.449-453
GST groups, YB00.456, YB00.459-460
GST joint ventures, YB00.456-458
imports, YB00.447-448
lifts, YB00.454
remote housing, YB00.454-455
reverse charge, YB00.448-449
returns, YB99.377
sale of land, YB99.378
supplier’s contract, YB00.434-438
supplies, identifying, YB00.431, 437
supply of going concern
redefinition, J00.258
supply, meaning of, YB00.438
tax savings, YB00.442
taxable supply, YB99.394
time of supply, YB99.394-395, YB99.402-403
timing of payment, YB00.439-440
transitional arrangements, YB99.378, YB99.381-383, YB99.394-399
transitional provisions, J99.58-60
transitional relief, YB00.434
turnover based pricing, YB00.443-444
WST credits, YB99.393
Government(s)
autonomy of ministries, YB04.55
compartmentalisation, YB04.55
contracting with, YB03.77–78
effect of policy—see Sovereign risk
environmental responsibility—see Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (IGAE)
international standards, role in, YB04.54–5
Government regulation, see also Regulators
access regimes, see Access regimes
appropriate nature of, YB01.197
continual revision, YB01.196
objectives, YB01.197
Government tenders
duty of good faith, YB02.33
greenhouse emissions
Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme (NSW), J03.403-406
Kyoto protocol, J02.1
Greenhouse emissions trading, J00.157-179
allocation method, J00.173-174
auctioning, J00.173-174
COP-6 regime recommendations, J00.174-179
enforcement and administration of regime, J00.178
Framework Convention on Climate Change, J00.158, J00.159-161
GHG emission trade agreement, J00.177
grandfathering, J00.173-174, J00.178
international legal background, J00.159-165
Kyoto Protocol, J00.162-165
clean development mechanism, J00.164
emissions trading provision, J00.165
joint implementation, J00.163-164
market mechanisms, J00.166
multinational GHG emission trade zones, J00.176-177
parties, J00.169-173
economic considerations, J00.170-171
environmental considerations, J00.170-171
equity considerations, J00.171-172
national states as, J00.169
private enterprises as, J00.169-173
permit allocation, J00.176
tradeable credits, J00.167-168
tradeable permits, J00.168-169
trading tax, J00.177
verification process, J00.178
Greenhouse gas
climate action partnership, YB02.49, YB02.50
climate change, see Climate change
emissions, YB02.49, YB02.50
legislation, YB02.49
reduction, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.69, YB02.70
effectiveness, YB02.51
Kyoto Protocol, see Kyoto Protocol
targets, enforcement of, YB02.64
Greenhouse gas emissions
acid rain program, YB00.368-369
Canadian Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading Pilot, YB00.362
carbon credits, YB00.363, YB00.364, YB00.365-367, YB00.378, YB00.380, YB00.396
emission permits distinguished, YB00.372-375
carbon credit trading
carbon sequestration rights, J01.20-21
Clean Development Mechanism projects, YB00.360, YB00.364, YB00.380, YB00.381, YB00.396-398
bilateral model, YB00.386
early project structures, YB00.386-387
funding, YB00.387-391
multilateral model, YB00.384-385
opportunities, YB00.383-387
coal fired power stations, YB01.287
emission permits, YB00.367-368, YB00.398
carbon credits distinguished, YB00.372-375
energy sources reducing, YB00.288, YB00.291-292, YB00.306-307
domestic hot water heaters, YB00.308-309
funding for projects, YB00.387-391
Australian based funds, YB00.390-391
Greenhouse Gas Abatement Programme, YB00.390
international funds, YB00.389-390
Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund, YB00.389
World Bank Prototype Carbon Fund, YB00.388-389, YB00.392
Greenhouse Challenge, YB01.286
Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change report, YB00.359
Joint Implementation projects, YB00.360, YB00.364, YB00.380, YB00.396-398
funding, YB00.387-391
opportunities, YB00.381-383
Kyoto Protocol, YB00.359-363, YB00.374, YB00.377-392, YB00.394, YB00.395-398
natural gas to meet abatement targets, YB01.287
reduction
Australia’s international obligations, YB01.287
Cannington mine power station, YB01.286
reduction targets, YB00.396
renewable energies, YB01.287
trading, YB00.359-407
background, YB00.394-395
developing market, YB00.402-403
establishing market, YB00.398-399
futures, YB00.401-406
international system, YB00.378-381
jurisdiction, YB00.403-404
Kyoto Protocol provisions, YB00.362-363, YB00.380-383, YB00.395-397
legislation, YB00.404
market access, YB00.404-405
market rules, YB00.404-405
`on-exchange' market, YB00.394
`over the counter' arrangements, YB00.394
project funding, YB00.387-391
project opportunities, YB00.381-387
real property rights, YB00.399-400
regulation, YB00.405-406
securities, YB00.400-406
trading instruments, YB00.360, YB00.361, YB00.362-264
carbon credits, YB00.363, YB00.364, YB00.365-367, YB00.378, YB00.380, YB00.396
carbon sequestration right, based on, YB00.365-367, YB00.405
emission permit, based on, YB00.367-368
licence, nature of, YB00.369-372
rights attaching to, YB00.369-372
security, YB00.374-375
severability, YB00.373-374
transferability, YB00.373
value, YB00.375
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, YB00.360, YB00.377, YB00.394
what are, YB00.360-361
‘Green markets', YB00.393
Green Power Accreditation Program
details, YB03.267–269
duration, YB03.267
relevant documents, YB03.267
Green Rights
contract for sale of, issues to include, YB03.283–287
definition, YB03.294
documenting transactions involving, YB03.280
Greenfield projects
completion test, YB03.99–100
direct pay letters of credit, YB03.113
funding needs of, YB03.143
tax risk, YB03.131
Greenhouse gases
abatement certificates
accredited providers, YB03.265
nature of, YB03.266
registration of, YB03.266
transfer issues, YB03.267
Kyoto Protocol, YB03.297, YB03.301
Large User Abatement Certificates (LUACS), YB03.258, YB03.265
surrender of, YB03.263
NSW Greenhouse Gas Abatement Certificates (NGACs), YB03.258, YB03.265
demand for, YB03.262
price of, YB03.262
surrender of, YB03.263
NSW Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme
benchmark participants, YB03.259
calculation of liability, YB03.260
demand, creating, YB03.259
duration, YB03.258
Greenhouse Gas Benchmark Statements, YB03.262–263
legislation, YB03.259
overview, YB03.258
Griffin Venture
development, YB96.477-478
facility description (fd), YB96.486-488
features, YB96.477
formal safety assessment (fsa)
acceptance criteria, YB96.491-493
approach, YB96.491
base case results, YB96.499-500
focus, YB96.491
hazard identification, YB96.496-497, YB96.497-498, YB96.501-504
objectives, YB96.491
performance standards, YB96.494-495
process, YB96.496
review, YB96.499
risk, YB96.492, YB96.497-498, YB96.501-504
safety goals, YB96.493-494
safety case
background, YB96.480-482
conclusions, YB96.504-505
update, YB96.482-486
safety management system (sms), YB96.488-490
Groundwater
access to information, YB01.483-484, YB01.496-497
Council of Australian Governments, strategic framework of, YB01.479-480
licences
amendment, YB01.490-492
application, YB01.485
cancellation, YB01.490-492
conditions, YB01.489
duration, YB01.489-490
eligibility, YB01.485-486
grant of, YB01.487-488
new amendments, YB01.484
objections to applications, YB01.488-489
power to issue directions affecting, YB01.492
renewal, YB01.489-490
restrictions, YB01.489
statutory system, YB01.476
suspension, YB01.490-492
terms, YB01.489
undertakings to grant, YB01.486-487
market information, YB01.483-484, YB01.496-497
mining industry use, in WA, YB01.475-476
deficiencies in statutory framework, YB01.476-478
proclamation of groundwater areas, YB01.485
statutory licensing systems, YB01.476
water resource information, YB01.483-484, YB01.496-497
Guarantees
letters of comfort, see Letters of comfort
Gulf War, YB96.235, YB96.236
Gyles Royal Commission (NSW)
forms of contracts, influences on, YB95.61
Consolidated Index: H
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Hamersley Iron case, YB04.187–92, YB04.223–4
Harris
determination of native title, YB02.180-181
claimant group, YB02.181
future acts, YB02.181
permit, YB02.180
right to negotiate notice
compliance with, YB02.180
issue of, YB02.180
procedural fairness, YB02.181
time for, YB02.180
validity of, YB02.180-181
Hayes v Northern Territory
determination of native title, YB02.135, YB02.158-163
claimant groups, YB02.160
connection, YB02.160
continuity, YB02.160
proof, YB02.161
traditions, YB02.159, YB02.160
exclusive possession, YB02.158-160
extinguishment of native title, YB02.135, YB02.158, YB02.159, YB02.161-163
land grants, YB02.135
recognition of native title, YB02.161
Hazardous waste
permit application to move internationally, J98.391-412
Heads of agreement
African Minerals case, YB03.601
decision in, YB03.615
evidence in, YB03.609–610
facts in, YB03.601–602
issues, YB03.603
letter, YB03.602–603, YB03.620–622
agreement to agree, YB02.526-528, YB02.543-545
case law, YB02.530-534
certainty in commercial contracts, YB03.604
commercial contracts, YB03.603–604
conditions precedent, YB03.613–615
enforcement of, YB02.518
disputes, YB02.556
obstacles, YB02.521-530
examples, YB02.530-556
function of, YB02.519
incompleteness, YB02.526-528, YB02.542-543, YB02.549-550
intention to be bound, YB02.522-526, YB02.539-543, YB02.546-549, YB02.550-551, YB02.
557, YB03.610
legal status, YB02.556
legally binding, whether, YB03.600
LMI Australia Pty Ltd v Baulderstone Hornibrook Pty Ltd, YB03.616–617
New Zealand position, YB02.535-556
practical lessons for commercial lawyers, YB03.618–619
principles, YB03.603
proposal, identification of, YB03.610
reasonable endeavours, YB02.552-556
recent cases concerning, YB03.600
repudiation of, YB02.518
standard form of agreement, reference to, YB03.612
unagreed terms, YB02.528-530, YB02.557
uncertainty, YB02.542-543, YB02.549-550
uncertainty, areas of, YB03.611
workable, YB02.556
Health and safety law, see Mine safety
Health and safety provisions, YB93.431
Hearings
certainty of date, YB03.19
limited time, YB03.23–24
Hedging, YB93.131–134, YB93.380—see also Derivatives Financial risk management, Forward contract, Options
accounting techniques, YB02.642-643
activities, YB02.624
asymmetrical, YB02.637
average rate caps, YB93.86–87
committed, YB02.636-637
complexity of, YB02.635
corporate governance, see Corporate governance
currency, YB02.635-636
dangers of, YB02.632
differential swap, YB93.85–86
disclosure, see Disclosure
documentation, YB02.634-635
duty of, YB02.U632-633
finance, YB02.629
gold, YB02.623-647
key industry players, YB02.626-629
methods of, YB02.625
overview of, YB02.624-626
patterns, YB02.628
level of, YB02.624, YB02.647
margin requirements, YB02.633-634
meaning of, YB02.625
naked call options, YB02.637-638
price, YB02.624
programs, YB02.624
reasons
customer service, YB93.74
investment optimisation, YB93.73
managing volatility, YB93.71
reducing risk of financial distress, YB93.72
reducing transaction costs, YB93.72
risk mitigation, YB03.159–160
risks, YB02.624, YB02.633-639
commercial, YB02.635-638
counterparty, YB02.633
legal, YB02.633-635
management of, see Risk management
operational, YB02.638-639
timing, YB02.636
trends, YB02.629
types of, YB02.625-626
uncommitted, YB02.636-637
what constitutes, YB02.625
Heritage
power to enter on Register, J97.94-95
HIH Report
recommendations of, YB03.551
Hilmer Committee
Report on National Competition Policy, YB99.168-170
Hilmer Inquiry, YB04.182, YB04.190, YB04.202, YB04.359–60
Hilmer Report, YB95.354-355—see also National competition policy
features of reform, YB96.5-6
impact on electricity industry, YB96.3, YB96.26-27
petroleum industry, YB96.580
recommendations for structural reform, YB96.2-3
Hindmarsh Island case
background, B96.104, B96.127
Federal Court appeal, B96.105
High Court application, B96.128–129
judicial review, B96.104
right to access to information, B96.127
Royal Commission, B96.106
Hiring agreements
receivers and managers, YB03.135
Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC), YB03.35
Hot Holdings Pty Ltd v Creasy
application for exploration licences, YB96.546-547
certiorari, YB96.544-545, YB96.548-549, YB96.553-554
discretion of Minister, YB96.551
facts of case, YB96.545-546
High Court majority decision, YB96.552-553
High Court minority decision, YB96.551-552
Mining Act provisions, YB96.546-547
“right of Priority”, YB96.550
s 105A, YB96.550
Warden’s decision, YB96.547-548
Hunting rights
native title, YB02.126, YB02.161, YB02.176
Consolidated Index: I
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
IFC Safeguard Policies, YB03.166
IFC Specific Guidelines, YB03.167, YB03.168
ILUA
amendments, YB02.244-245
acceptance of, YB02.248-249
effectiveness of, YB02.252-253
endorsement of, YB02.249
purpose of, YB02.245-248
effectiveness of, YB02.243, YB02.244
establishment of, YB02.244-245
purpose of, YB02.243
Implied terms
ad hoc implications, YB02.467-468
breach of, YB02.13
contract, in, YB02.3
co-operation, YB02.462, YB02.469-473
fair dealing, duty of, YB02.3, YB02.13, YB02.27, YB02.462
good faith, duty of, YB02.3-4, YB02.10, YB02.22-48, YB02.462, YB02.473-474, YB02.486-495
acceptance of, YB02.28
ad hoc, YB02.31-32
application of, YB02.33
Australia, in, YB02.25-30, YB02.46
breach of, YB02.13, YB02.35, YB02.46
business efficiency, YB02.31
canon of construction, YB02.23-24, YB02.29, YB02.35-36
co-operation, YB02.35-37, YB02.41
fact, in, YB02.31, YB02.43
fairness, YB02.42, YB02.43
flexible standards, YB02.42-43
independent cause of action, YB02.23, YB02.35-36
joint ventures, YB02.46-48
law, in, YB02.31-32
objective test, YB02.43-44
pre-contractual obligations, see Duty to negotiate
reasonableness, YB02.32, YB02.35-37, YB02.39
rejection of, YB02.28
relational contracts, YB02.34
standard of conduct, YB02.37
subjective test, YB02.43-44
third party, YB02.46
United States, in, YB02.22-27
reasonableness, YB02.32, YB02.35-37, YB02.39
breach of, YB02.41
termination of contract, YB02.462, YB02.467-474
Imports
GST, J99.57-58
imported ore, J99.62
temporary imports, J99.58
GST issues, YB00.447-448
deferral scheme, YB00.448
reverse charge, YB00.448-449
Improvement
definition, J00.191
discretion of court to determine, J00.192
income tax
changes in legislation, YB03.132
depreciation, J02.114
Inconsistency
native title legislation, between Western Australian and Commonwealth Acts, YB94.83
Incorporated joint venture
insolvency of participant in, YB99.160-161
security over equity in company, YB99.161
single purpose vehicle, YB99.160
substantial company with other assets, YB99.161
Indemnity
company, of
Corporate Law Reform Act 1994 (Cth), under, YB95.212
Corporations Law (Cth), amendment to, YB95.212
defence costs, advancement of, YB95.213
insurance, YB95.213
environmental matters, YB93.24–25, YB93.48, YB93.59
receiver’s rights to, YB99.54-55
seller of gas, of, YB95.257
voluntary administrator’s right to, YB99.54-55
Indemnity clauses
enforceability of, YB94.195
joint operating agreements, in—see Risk allocation
service contracts, in, YB94.171
Indenture
termination of, YB02.496-497
effect of, YB02.497-498
India
foreign investment in minerals, YB94.280
large emerging economy, YB04.60
oil and gas projects in, J99.221-240
acreage for licence bidding, J99.226
administered pricing mechanism, J99.226-227
canalisation, J99.226
current LNG projects, J99.236-238
deregulation, J99.238-240
financing, J99.229-231
foreign investment regulation, J99.223-224
legal issues, J99.222-224
liquified natural gas, J99.235-238
pipelines, J99.233-235
production sharing, J99.224-225
regulatory framework, J99.221-222
risk sharing, J99.231-233
taxation, J99.227-228
India Act (Canada), YB02.213, YB02.233-237
background, YB02.233
governance under, YB02.235-237
land management, YB02.233-235
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention 1989, YB94.135
Indigenous groups
petroleum
American Indian tribes, YB01.426
Maori claims to, see Maori claims to petroleum
Indigenous land use agreements (ILUAs), YB00.537
see also Native title agreements
Aboriginal perspective, YB99.237-253
alternative procedure agreements (Subdiv D), YB99.240-241, YB99.242, YB99.247, YB99.250, YB99.266
alternative to NNTT procedures, YB99.238-239
area agreements (Subdiv C), YB99.240, YB99.242, YB99.247, YB99.250, YB99.265-266
binding on parties, YB00.551
body corporate agreements (Subdiv B), YB99.239-240, YB99.265, YB99.266
certification, YB99.250
cohesion between Aboriginal groups, YB99.236
community acceptance and, YB99.256-257
compensation based on, J00.44, J00.46-49
compensation, future exposure, YB00.542
concept of, YB01.525
conjunctive and disjunctive agreements, YB99.219-221
costs, YB99.230-237
Aboriginal parties, funding, YB99.234-235
resource developer's, YB99.232-234
decision making, YB99.248-249
definition, YB01.526
de-registration, YB00.547
drafting agreements, YB99.267-268
expectations, YB99.252-253
finalisation, YB99.229-230, YB99.237
identifying parties, YB99.245-248
introduction into statute, YB99.218
legislative scheme, YB99.218, YB99.255
McArthur River Agreement, YB99.231
matters covered, YB99.219
mediation, YB99.258-276
NNTT, by, YB99.259, YB99.261-269
reasons for, YB99.258-259
role of mediator, YB99.259-261
mediator's perspective, YB99.254-276
mining tenements and, J00.264
National Native Title Tribunal, YB99.226
disqualification of members, YB99.272-273
drafting agreements, YB99.267-268
facilitating framework agreements, YB99.263
financial assistance to parties, YB99.262-263
forms of assistance by, YB99.261-269
identifying issues and options, YB99.264-266
limitation on ability to assist, YB99.271-273
mediation by, YB99.259, YB99.261-276
monitoring compliance, YB99.268-269
nature and extent of assistance, YB99.270-273
number of members, YB99.271
organising meetings, YB99.263-264
qualification of members, YB99.272
native title and other rights, relationship, YB00.549
native title claim to area subject to, YB00.547
native title claimants, YB99.247
native title determination (WA), J00.263-265
native title environment, YB99.241-244
Native Title Representative Bodies (NTRBs), YB99.240, YB99.247, YB99.248
role of, YB99.250-252
nature of, YB99.239-241
negotiation, YB99.221-222
beginning, YB99.227-228
costs, YB99.230-235
decision to negotiate, YB99.223-224
external consultations, YB99.225-226
finalisation, YB99.229-230, YB99.237
language issues, YB99.227
mediation, YB99.258-276
meetings, YB99.228-229, YB99.263-264
NNTT role, YB99.226, YB99.259, YB99.261-276
protocol, YB99.227
risk minimisation, YB99.273-275
timing, YB99.223-228
women, role of, YB99.225-226
overlapping claims, YB99.245-248
parties
Aboriginal parties, funding, YB99.234-235
financial assistance to, YB99.262
identifying, YB99.245-248
past agreements, YB99.222
primary benefit, YB01.526
processes, YB99.221-230
project rights, YB00.550
Queensland State ILUA
background to, YB01.526-527
operation of, YB01.529-530
scope, YB01.528-529
status of, YB01.530
terms, YB01.531
reasons for negotiating, YB99.256-257
representation, YB99.248-249
resource industry perspective, YB99.216-237
risk management tool, as, YB99.216-276
social responsibility of resource companies, YB99.217-219
State-wide, generally
advantages from miner’s perspective, YB01.533-534
analysis of concept, YB01.531
benchmarking, YB01.534-535
costs, YB01.534
disadvantages from miner’s perspective, YB01.534-536
double jeopardy, YB01.535-536
inherent restrictions, YB01.31-533
less than State-wide application, YB01.535
timing under, YB01.533-534
third party interests, YB99.246
types, YB99.219
uncertainties, YB99.244-245
Woodcutters Agreement, YB99.231
Yandicoogina Agreement, YB99.222, YB99.223, YB99.235
Individual workplace agreements
freedom of association, breach of, J00.25-34
injunction against, J00.25-34
Indonesia
contract of work (COW)
abolishing lex specialis, YB96.126
definition, YB96.145
differences between fifth and sixth generation, YB96.128
dividend withholding rate reduction, YB96.132
English language provisions, YB96.125-126
exemptions, YB96.128
first negotiations, YB96.124
“generations”, YB96.145-146
import and export facilities, YB96.126-127
import duties, YB96.127
import tariff relief, YB96.128-129
import recommendations, YB96.131
income tax rate reduction, YB96.132
problems, YB96.125
process for obtaining, YB96.147-148
sixth generation, YB96.128, YB96.146
VAT, YB96.129-130, YB96.134-135
voluntary taxes, YB96.134
withholding taxes, YB96.133-134
foreign investment in mining industry, YB94.279, YB96.138-143
COW companies, YB96.146-147
GR20 changes, YB96.139-143, YB96.146-147
New Company Law, YB96.154-155
PMA companies, YB96.139
forestry law, J04.7
mining industry
changes, YB96.137
companies conducting business, YB96.152
foreign companies, YB96.152, YB96.153
foreign investment, YB96.144-145
legislation, YB96.143
permitted activities, YB96.153
mining law and policy, J02.77-94
New Company Law
articles of association, YB96.157, YB96.159
capitalisation, YB96.157-158
Commercial Code, YB96.154
Commissioners’ duties, YB96.162
development, YB96.154
director’s duties, YB96.161
general meeting of shareholders, YB96.160
importance of foreign investors, YB96.154-155
incorporation of companies, YB96.155
liability of shareholders, YB96.156
minority shareholders, YB96.162-163
number of shareholders, YB96.156-157
register of shareholders, YB96.159
share classes, YB96.158
share transfer, YB96.159
“subsidiary”, YB96.158
new oil and gas law, J03.443-449
reforms, J02.77- 94
Industrial disputes
picketing, J00.128-133
Industrial manslaughter, see also Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
criminal offence, YB04.236–9
statutory duty of care, YB04.229–31
zero tolerance YB04.227, YB04.229
Industrial relations—see also Workplace relations
amendments, YB96.600-601
Australian Workplace Agreements, YB96.621-624
deregulation, YB96.627-630
development, YB96.603-605
reasons, YB96.601-603
enterprise bargaining, YB96.605-620
evolution in Australia, YB96.625
Howard government
mandate, YB96.630-631
impact of proposals, YB96.640
mining industry, YB96.626-627
overview, YB96.595-599
role of Commission, YB96.623-624
unions, YB96.602-603, YB96.621, YB96.622, YB96.632-633
Workplace Relations Bill, YB96.620-621
effect of proposed changes, YB96.632-640
Industry Commission
gas industry, report on, YB95.336–337
Information
disclosure—see Disclosure
unjust enrichment, where obtained by reprehensible means, YB94.366
Informed consent
extractive industry projects, those affected by, YB04.65, YB04.74
infrastructure
access, J01.34, J01.73, J01.104-105, J01.107
construction contracts, YB04.163
Tasmanian gas project, J01.116-118, J01.236-237
Initial public offer
ASX Listing Rules, YB00.511-515
CLERP amendments, YB00.504
mining companies, YB00.504-515
disclosure obligations, YB00.512-513
eligibility for listing, YB00.512
native title disclosures, YB00.515
prospectus, YB00.505-511
restricted securities, YB00.513-515
prospectus
consents, YB00.508-509
contents, YB00.505-506
expert reports, YB00.508-509
general disclosure obligation, YB00.505-506
materiality, YB00.510-511
mining company, YB00.505-511
projections and forecasts, YB00.506-507
Injunction(s)
aboriginal heritage, J01.224
agreement to negotiate, YB02.15-16
application, see joint ventures
environmental protection
public interest groups, by, YB01.87
undertaking as to damages removed, YB01.88
individual workplace agreements, J00.25-34
interlocutory, test for, J00.27
invalidity of development consent, J01.209-212
invalidity of water permit, J01.209-212
natural resource project, restraining, YB00.263, YB00.265-270
City of Enfield case, YB00.266-268
conditions of approval, non-compliance, YB00.277
environmental impact assessment process, non-compliance, YB00.268-270
right to apply, YB00.265-270
onus of proof, J00.27
sale of coal assets by joint venture
assignment restrictions, to prevent breach of, YB01.121
pre-emptive rights, to prevent breach of, YB01.124
Injunctive relief—see Kalkadoon People v North Queensland Electricity Commission
Insider trading, YB03.279–280
Insolvency
Australian laws, YB99.43
General Insolvency Inquiry, YB99.43
receivership see Receivership
reorganisation options, YB99.72-79
administrator's recommendations, YB99.72-79
deed of company arrangement, YB99.75, YB99.77, YB99.82
scheme of arrangement, YB99.74-79
resource companies, see Insolvency of resource companies
voluntary administration, see Voluntary administration
Insolvency of resource companies
administrators, problems faced by, YB99.81-88
directors' failure to accept situation, YB99.81
ignorance as to options, YB99.82
lack of money, YB99.83
monitoring and control, YB99.83-84
operational problems, YB99.83-85
practitioners' lack of understanding, YB99.85-87
short term solutions, YB99.84-85
strategic problems, YB99.85-87
viability issues, YB99.82-83, YB99.85
deed of company arrangement, YB99.82, YB99.85, YB99.86
incorporated joint venture, participant in, YB99.160-161
security over equity in company, YB99.161
single purpose vehicle, YB99.160
substantial company with other assets, YB99.161
informal arrangements, YB99.136-145
advantages, YB99.145
disadvantages, YB99.145
documentation, YB99.137
environmental liability, risk of, YB99.144-145
insolvent trading, risk of, YB99.142
nature of remedy, YB99.136
procedural requirements, YB99.136-137
shadow directorship, risk of, YB99.138-141
voidable transactions, risk of, YB99.142-144
liquidation, YB99.153-155
nature of remedy, YB99.153-154
usefulness of remedy, YB99.154-155
receiver, appointment of, YB99.128-136, see also Receivership
demand for payment, YB99.133
duties of receiver, YB99.133
improper appointment, consequences, YB99.130-131
nature of remedy, YB99.128-129
priority of debts, YB99.129
procedural requirements, YB99.129-130
proper appointment, YB99.130-131
sale of property, YB99.134-135
timing requirements, YB99.129-130
shadow directorship
determining existence of, YB99.139-140
elements of, YB99.138-139
financiers, application to, YB99.130-141
risk of, YB99.138-141
single project company, YB99.155-157
crucial employees, YB99.157
government involvement, YB99.156
project agreements and tenements, effect on, YB99.156-157
public relations, YB99.156
sponsor support, YB99.157
trade unions, YB99.155
unincorporated joint venture, participant in, YB99.157-160
joint venture agreement, YB99.157-158
management agreement, YB99.158-159
security over equity in company, YB99.160
single purpose vehicle, YB99.157-159
substantial company with other assets, YB99.159-160
voidable transactions
exceptions to voidability, YB99.143-144
risk of, YB99.142-144
uncommercial transactions, YB99.143
unfair preference, YB99.143
void dispositions, YB99.144
voluntary administration, see also Voluntary administration
administrator's report, samples, YB99.89-126
nature of remedy, YB99.146
procedure, YB99.146-153
usefulness of remedy, YB99.153
Inspection
compliance with environmental requirements, YB93.29
confidential documents, YB93.391–407
environmental damage, YB93.29
Inspection of documents
definition, YB04.105
limited, orders for, YB04.93–4
objection to, YB04.95
subpoenas, produced under, YB04.93, YB04.104
Insurance—see also Caps, Collars, Floors
against pecuniary loss, YB93.123–124
categories of loss, J99.44-45
company, reimbursement of, YB95.216
civil penalty, for, YB95.211
compensatory damages, for, YB95.212
criminal liability, against, YB95.211
direct damage or injury, J99.44, J99.45-46
directors, liability of, YB95.216, YB95.218
disclosure, J03.177-180
effect of loss on whole community, J99.48
employees, liability for injuries to, YB95.215
environmental damages, YB93.30
environment impairment, YB95.216-217, YB95.218
environmental-related, YB02.351-355
claims, YB02.352
clean up costs, YB02.373-374
contaminated site, YB02.362-363
coverage, YB02.354-355
disposal sites, YB02.365-366
exclusions, YB02.353, YB02.368-370
general, YB02.373
liabilities, YB02.372
limitation of, YB02.371
market demand, YB02.357-358
market growth, YB02.370
policy detail, YB02.366-370
public liability, YB02.373-374
recoverability, YB02.371
regulation of, YB02.355-356
reinsurance, YB02.398
risk tolerance, YB02.358-359
service industry, YB02.363-364
site specific, YB02.359-362, YB02.366
site specific clean up costs, YB02.373
site specific conditions, YB02.367
site specific exclusions, YB02.368-370
site specific policy details, YB02.366-370
site specific terms, YB02.367
special products, YB02.366
transportation, YB02.365
types of products, YB02.359-366
environmental risk, YB93.18–19
Floating Production, Storage and Offtake Services Agreements, J03.481
general, YB02.373
indemnity, right of, and, YB95.213
joint venture liabilities, YB95.217–218
legal expenses, YB95.217
liability insurance of defendant, J99.50-53
markets, recent changes in, YB03.123–126
mining contract, YB03.425–426
officers of company, liability of, YB95.216, YB95.218
piracy and terrorism, YB04.319–20
policies, J03.167-188
professional indemnity, YB95.215–216
directors and officers, liability of, distinguished, YB95.216
project, YB03.123–126
project finance, J01.255-257
public liability, YB02.373-374
public/product liability, YB95.214
purely economic loss, J99.45, J99.46-48
risk, J03.167-188
risk management, YB94.196
risk solutions, J01.57-61
third party contracts, clauses in, YB94.175
utility failure, J99.42-53
Willemstadt case, J99.47
integrated planning
integrated planning legislation (Qld), J02.25-31
Intellectual property
AUSFTA, under, YB04.580–1
indigenous peoples’ property rights, J99.259
Intellectual property rights
assignment, YB00.355
commercialisation options, YB00.354-355
confidential information, YB00.350
copyright, YB00.349
designs, YB00.347-348
exclusive licence, YB00.354
exclusive use, YB00.354
joint ventures, YB00.355
management issues, YB00.351-354
new mining technologies, YB00.342-358
acquiring others' technology, YB00.355-356
BP's Acrylonitrile, YB00.356
commercialisation, YB00.354-355
confidentiality, YB00.353
examples, YB00.356-357
management issues, YB00.351-354
ownership of rights, YB00.352
relevant categories of protection, YB00.345-351
various contributors, YB00.352
Warman pumps, YB00.356-357
non-exclusive licence, YB00.355
overview, YB00.344-346
ownership of rights, YB00.352
patents, YB00.346-347
sole licence, YB00.354
Interest
subordinated loans, on, YB03.107
Interest rates
protection against rise, YB93.83–84
Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (IGAE), YB93.408–416
aims, YB93.410–411
duplication of interests, YB93.413–414
environmental policy, YB93.414–415
implementation, YB93.415
international agreements, YB93.412–413
levels of government
responsibilities, YB93.411–412
National Environment Protection Authority (NEPA), YB93.416–418
parties, YB93.410
review, YB93.415–416
terms, YB93.409
Interlocutory injunction
future act, restraint of, YB02.183-184
Interlocutory processes
legitimate and illegitimate uses, YB03.19
International Accounting Standards
Australian adoption of, YB04.534–5
long term impact, YB04.544–5
Board (IASB), YB04.535
commissioning costs, YB04.542
comparisons between industries, YB04.545
exploration expenditures, YB04.541–2
extractive industries, YB04.534–7
“area of interest” accounting, YB04.537–8
“full cost” accounting, YB04.537–8
“successful efforts” accounting, YB04.537
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAPs), YB04.536
impairment testing and amortisation, YB04.540–1, YB04.544
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), YB04.534–5
Australian equivalents, YB04.539–40
rehabilitation and de-commissioning costs, YB04.542–3
reporting entities balance sheet, YB04.543
International arbitration
ad hoc, YB03.3, YB03.35–36
amicable composition, YB03.10
Anaconda arbitration, YB03.28–32
appeal, rights of, YB03.26–27
arbitral rules, YB02.652-653, YB02.657, YB02.660
agreement for, YB02.649
application of, YB02.665-670
Australia, in, YB02.651, YB02.654-655
commercial, YB02.650
definition, YB03.2
discovery, YB03.23
effectiveness, YB03.8
evidence in chief, YB03.21
ex aequo et bono, YB03.10
flexibility of, YB03.5–6
governing law, choice of, YB03.9
lex mercatoria, YB03.11–12
institutional, YB03.3, YB03.35–36
maritime boundary disputes, YB03.392–394
neutrality of the forum, YB03.7
number of arbitrators, YB03.36
`opt out' of, YB02.649, YB02.652, YB02.656-661
agreement for, YB02.649
what constitutes, YB02.652, YB02.657-661
place of arbitration, YB03.36
popularity, YB03.4–5
PRC projects, YB03.192–193
preliminary conference, YB03.20
procedural options, YB03.15
procedure, YB03.20
procedural law, YB02.649, YB02.651, YB02.652
application of, determination of, YB02.653-654, YB02.666-670
arbitral rules, YB02.652-653, YB02.657, YB02.660, YB02.665-670
curial law, YB02.652
domestic, YB02.655, YB02.660, YB02.662-665
lex arbitri, YB02.652
`opt out', YB02.649, YB02.652, YB02.656-661
opt out agreement for, YB02.649
opt out implied, YB02.656
UNCITRAL Model Law, YB02.651-652, YB02.655-670
what constitutes, YB02.652
reasons for using, YB03.5–9, YB03.12–13
Singapore, in, YB02.650-651
statement of contentions, YB03.21
statistics about, YB03.4
UNCITRAL Model Law, YB02.651-652, YB02.655, YB03.2
adoption of, YB02.651-652
application of, YB02.665-670
`opt out' of, YB02.656-657
International bribery and corruption
aid money, waste of, YB00.6-7
Australian companies, reaction to, YB00.11-12, YB00.14
Australian Standard AS3806, YB00.24-25, YB00.34
awarding contracts, YB00.2, YB00.3
corporate compliance programs, YB00.24-33
accountability, YB00.31-32
assessment, YB00.30
Australian Standard AS3806, YB00.24-25, YB00.34
continuous improvement, YB00.33
culture of compliance, maintaining, YB00.28-33
education and training, YB00.28-29
failures, system for handling, YB00.32-33
high level commitment, YB00.25
liaison, YB00.31
management responsibility and supervision, YB00.26
monitoring, YB00.30
operating procedures, YB00.26
record keeping, YB00.27
reporting, YB00.27-28
resources, YB00.26-27
review, YB00.30-31
visibility and communication, YB00.29-30
corporate culture authorising, YB00.16
Criminal Code (Cth)
Amendment Act 1999, YB00.15
compliance programs, YB00.24-33
criminal liability of corporations, YB00.16-18
OECD review, YB00.19, YB00.20
offence under, YB00.16-18
corporate liability, YB00.16
defences, YB00.18
penalties, YB00.17
what constitutes, YB00.17
operation in host countries, YB00.21
duties of advisers, lawyers and auditors, YB00.21-24
due diligence, YB00.23-24
economic damage caused by, YB00.4-8
European measures against, YB00.8
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977 (US), YB00.1, YB00.8, YB00.20-21
high risk areas, YB00.17-18
Inter-American Convention Against Corruption, YB00.8
International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Conduct on Extortion
and Bribery, YB00.8
international grand corruption, YB00.2-4
international reactions to, YB00.8-11
laws prohibiting, YB00.13-34
Australia, YB00.15, YB00.16-18, YB00.20
OECD review process, YB00.18-19
operation in host countries, YB00.21
US, YB00.1, YB00.8, YB00.20-21
Lockheed scandal, YB00.1, YB00.3
multinational corporations, role, YB00.15
OECD Convention, YB00.1, YB00.12, YB00.13, YB00.15
Australian compliance programs, YB00.24-34
implementation, YB00.18-20
review of compliance, YB00.18-19
OECD Recommendations on Bribery in International Business
Transactions, YB00.11
penalties, YB00.17
professional advisers, role of, YB00.21-22
due diligence checklist, YB00.23-24
reasons for spread of, YB00.3-4
Transparency International, YB00.1, YB00.8-11
UN Declaration Against Corruption and Bribery in International
Commercial Transactions, YB00.8
World Bank measures against, YB00.8, 9
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), YB03.35
International commercial disputes
litigation of, YB03.7
International competition law
global mergers, application to, YB01.3
Europe, YB01.3
United States, YB01.3-4
overseas regulators, approach to global mergers
Europe, YB01.4-5
United States, YB01.5-8
International Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution
Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 (London Convention), YB00.79
enforcement, YB00.79
obligations of parties, YB00.79
Protocol, YB00.79
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, YB94.37
Constitution, power of Parliament to make laws under external affairs power, YB94.37
inherit, right to, YB94.38
particular forms of, YB94.38
positive discrimination, acts of, YB94.38
property, right to own, YB94.38
racial discrimination
condemnation of, YB94.38
definition, YB94.37
undertakings to prohibit and eliminate, YB94.37
ratification by Australia, YB94.38
rights of persons, YB94.38
special measures in, YB94.38
International conventions, see Treaties
International Court of Justice, YB00.67-68
jurisdiction, YB02.610-611, YB02.622
recognition of, YB02.611
jurisdiction over state only with consent, B95.161
proceedings, YB02.610
ruling regarding Timor Gap Treaty, B95.161–163
Timor Gap Treaty case, YB00.169-170, YB00.180
International enforcement
awards, of, YB03.7–9
New York Convention, YB03.8
International environmental harm, see Environmental
harm in foreign country
International law
alien tort claims, see tort
binding, YB04.47
continued state practice as source of, YB04.76
customary, YB04.76
governments, role of, YB04.54–5
human rights, see tort
lack of development of, YB04.46
maritime zones, B94.4
sources of, YB04.76
International mining operations
changing priority of environment, B95.129–134, B95.149–150, B95.155–158
“environmental restriction”, B95.126
influential role of environmentalist movement, B95.150–154
international conventions and treaties, B95.142–150
conflicts between trade and environment treaties, Basel Convention, B95.147–149
proposed indigenous populations convention, B95.150
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, B95.145–147
World Natural Heritage Convention, B95.143–145
priority of environmental considerations, B95.126–129
Alaska, B95.136–137
Bingham Canyon, B95.137–140
Ok Tedi, B95.140–142
Windy Craggy, B95.134–136
International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO)
approach, YB02.346-347
initiatives, YB02.347-348
principles, YB02.346-347
recent trends, YB02.346-347
regulator, YB02.346-347
representatives, YB02.348
International organisations
international standards, role in, YB04.55–6
International Seabed Authority, B95.1, B95.2
International standards
assessing, YB04.76–9
compliance, managing, YB04.49
corruption, on, YB04.53–4
customary international law, as, YB04.76
developing countries, YB04.60–2
direct and indirect operation, YB04.44
governments, role of, YB04.54–5
hard law, YB04.46
impact of, YB04.44
increasing role of, YB04.49
international organisations, role of, YB04.55–6
key players, YB04.54–62
legal impact, types of, YB04.75
legal instruments incorporating, YB04.75
management, YB04.45
multinational companies, YB04.56–7
natural resources and energy industries
key concepts to identify, YB04.71–4
“license to operate”, YB04.62–6
other industries, distinguished, YB04.63
new relevance, YB04.49
non-governmental organisations (NGOs), YB04.47, YB04.57–60
new players, as, YB04.50, YB04.57
practical management, YB04.75–9
professional and industry associations, developed by, YB04.78
regulatory competition, YB04.79
role of, YB04.47
“soft-law” instruments, YB04.46–7
transnational dispute practice, relevance to, YB04.47–54
UN Global Compact, see UN Global Compact
UN system, prepared within, YB04.77
International Swaps and Derivatives Association Inc (ISDA)
ISDA documents
background to, YB03.287–288
termination values for transactions, calculating, YB03.289–294
International trade
bans, YB02.61
arbitrary, YB02.61
discriminatory, YB02.61
unilateral, YB02.62
environmental objectives, YB02.66
integrated rules, YB02.66
restrictions, YB02.61
trade measures, YB02.60-62, YB02.65
enforcement by, YB02.64
environmental, YB02.66
inconsistency, YB02.61-62
justification for, YB02.63, YB02.65
non-discriminatory, YB02.62
scientific data, YB02.61, YB02.65
use of, YB02.62
International treaties and conventions, B96.18–29
Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, B96.23–27
Charter of the United Nations, B96.19–21
conflict between Commonwealth and State legislation, B96.33, B96.41, B96.53
conflict between trade and environmental treaties, B96.40–41
Convention on Biological Diversity, B96.119
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, B96.38–40, B96.119
definitions, B96.18
Framework Convention of Climate Change, B96.119–120
impact on Australian minerals industry, B96.30–61
incorporation in Australian law, B96.33–34, B96.45–48
International Labour Organisation Convention No 169 (Indigenous and Tribal Peoples), B96.44–45
non-governmental organisations, B96.19–29
participation in negotiating delegations, B96.27–28
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), B96.116
United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, B96.42–44, B96.56–58
World Commission on Environment and Development, B96.36–38
Brundtland Report, B96.37–38
Zone of Cooperation between Australia and Indonesia, B96.91
International tribunals
international standards and, YB04.48, YB04.51
limited legitimacy, YB04.48
Investigative powers
ACCC, of, YB04.82
APRA, of, YB04.83–4
ASIC, of, YB04.84–5
ATO, of, YB04.85
Environment Protection Authority, of, YB04.86
WorkCover, of, YB04.86
Investment—see also Financing
gas pipeline, in—see Gas pipelines
Investors
electricity market, in
continued privatisation, expectation of, YB01.167-168
losses on investments, YB01.166, YB01.185
outcomes of reform process for, YB01.159-160, YB01.184
risk transfer to, YB01.159, YB01.166
gas pipelines, in, YB01.224
government policy changes, negative impact of, YB01.303
Ireland
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.251
Consolidated Index: J
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Jabiluka uranium mine
Aboriginal issues, YB00.197, YB00.203, YB00.204-205, YB00.208, YB00.212, YB00.218
background, YB00.195-196
economic issues, YB00.208-211
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 2000, YB00.213-219
approval process, YB00.214
international obligations, YB00.218
precautionary principle, YB00.216
environmental impact statement, YB00.201-203
environmental issues, YB00.207
export approval, proceedings for order prohibiting, YB00.198
Kakadu National Park, danger to, YB00.74-76, YB00.196, YB00.197, YB00.205-206
legal regime, YB00.197-207
mineral lease for, YB00.196, YB00.197
power of Northern Territory to grant, YB00.199-200
1991 Agreement, YB00.206-207
opposition to project, YB00.194-195
economic, YB00.208-211
environmental, YB00.207
social, YB00.208
standing to bring proceedings, YB00.218-219
political issues, YB00.211-212
public environmental report, YB00.201-203
public relations issues, YB00.211-212
Ranger Mill alternative, YB00.206-207, YB00.209
sacred site issues, YB00.197, YB00.203, YB00.204-205, YB00.208
social issues, YB00.208
Uranium Mining (Environmental Control) Act authorisation, YB00.203-204
application for injunction restraining, YB00.204
Westpac investment, YB00.210
World Heritage issues, YB00.74-76, YB00.205-206
Japan
economic growth and development, YB04.325
energy market deregulation, YB04.325
LNG contracts, see Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Joint marketing
gas from joint venture, draft determination on authorisation, YB03.623–624
Australia, impact on, YB03.641
background, YB03.624–625
benefits of joint marketing, YB03.635
competition, substantially lessening, YB03.629–635
competitive market, development of, YB03.633–634
conditions, YB03.635–638
evolution of market, YB03.628
feasibility of separate marketing, YB03.626–627
future exploration and production, impact on, YB03.638–641
intrinsic detriments, YB03.633
market characteristics, YB03.627–628
preference for separate marketing, YB03.630–631
process, YB03.624–625
specific competition detriments, YB03.632–633
Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA)
administration, YB03.370
Bayu-Undan field, YB03.367, YB03.380–381
designated authority, YB03.371
Elang-Kakatua field, YB03.367, YB03.385
establishment, YB03.369
existing petroleum projects, YB03.380–385
Greater Sunrise fields, YB03.368, YB03.381–385
International Unitisation Agreement between Australia and Timor-Leste relating to the Sunrise and Troubadour Fields (IUA), YB03.406
continuation of petroleum activities, YB03.409
future prospects, YB03.411–412
sovereign rights, preservation of, YB03.409
joint commission, YB03.371
ministerial council, YB03.370
Petroleum Mining Code (PMC), YB03.372–374
pipelines, YB03.378–380
sharing of petroleum production, YB03.369–370
product sharing contracts, YB03.374–377
Sunrise fields, YB03.406
taxation of petroleum activities, YB03.377–378
Timor Sea Treaty, see Timor Sea Treaty
Troubadour Fields, YB03.406
unitisation, YB03.380
duty to seek and agree on, YB03.407–409
reserves extending across boundary, YB03.406
Joint venture
access to upstream facilities, YB99.183-184
assignment of interests, J99.174-175
enforceable agreement, J99.174-175
GST, YB99.389-390, YB99.404
GST joint ventures, J99.60-61
New Zealand, YB99.414-416
insolvency of participant in, YB99.161
incorporated joint venture, YB99.160-161
unincorporated joint venture, YB99.157-160
prospecting licences (WA), J99.14
unincorporated, see Unincorporated joint venture
Joint venture agreement(s)
difficulties, YB96.118
elements, YB96.118-119
good faith, implied duty, YB02.46-48
rights of, YB02.47
third party, YB02.46
trade offs, YB96.119
Joint ventures, YB93.212–214—see also Taxation
agreement, YB03.104
breach of , J04.46-47
injunction, application for, J04.46-47
right of refusal, J04.44
application of access regime, B96.71–72
assignment of participating interest, YB03.45
assignments
damages where breach of assignment restriction, YB01.121
injunction to prevent sale in breach of restriction, YB01.121
operation of clause, YB01.142
personal performance required, YB01.120
prohibition on, YB01.118-122
requirements, YB01.118
restrictions void as restraint on alienation of private property, YB01.118
authorisation of joint venture marketing, J98.379-390
change of control clauses, YB01.70, YB01.124-125, YB01.142
disclosure of, YB01.70-71
Chinese investors, YB03.41
classic arrangement, YB03.42–46
clauses excluding or limiting liability
equitable duties, YB04.132–4
heads of damage, YB04.140
coal asset ownership, YB01.116, YB01.139
establishing, YB01.140
commercial consequences of modifications, YB03.52–56
competition between joint venturers, B95.81–82
competitive markets, B95.83–85
concurrent liability, equitable and contractual duties, YB04.122–3
confidentiality clauses, YB01.127
consents, YB01.143
construction, J03.416-418
construction of agreement, J03.450-452, J03.487-488
contractual claims, exclusion of, YB04.141–3
corporate restructure, YB01.125
costs, sharing, YB03.44
damages, YB04.140–1
defeating bids, unacceptable circumstances, YB01.71-72
duty of care owed by participants, YB01.128
equitable duties
clauses excluding or limiting liability, YB04.132–4
concurrent liability, YB04.122–3
impact of terms on existence of, YB04.130
remedies for breach, YB04.123–4
exception in Trade Practices Act, B95.83
exclusionary provisions, YB03.58–60
farm-in agreements, J00.253-256
fiduciary and equitable obligations, YB04.120
agency/operator, YB04.121
confidential information, receipt of, YB04.121
pre-contractual negotiations, YB04.120
trust and confidence, YB04.121
fiduciary duties, YB93.236–240, J98.351-352
fiduciary duties (NZ)
negotiation of joint venture, J04.243-245
fiduciary duties, scope and content, YB04.130
fiduciary nature of relationship, B95.60, B95.82
fiduciary obligations, J03.452, J03.490-491
fiduciary relationship between joint venturers, YB94.370
breach of—see Fiduciary duty
financing of weaker party, YB03.153
flexibility of, YB03.56
foreign investors, YB03.40
potential modifications to usual provisions, YB03.46–52
risk aversion, YB03.49–51
goods and services tax, J00.253
GST joint ventures, YB00.456-458
heads of damages, limitation or exclusion, YB04.140, YB04.147–9
incorporated, as project vehicle, YB03.102, YB03.161
insolvency, YB94.252
intellectual property rights, YB00.355
liability
corporate officers, of, YB95.195
defence of due diligence, YB95.201–202
insurance against, YB95.217–218
partners, of, YB95.182
market power, B95.81
marketability of interests, YB03.53
marketing, J03.433-434
mining, J03.146-153
misleading and deceptive conduct claims, exclusion of, YB04.144–7
Mt Isa Mines v Paragon Nickel Pty Ltd
judgment at first instance of Rowland J, B94.172–180
judgment on appeal of Brinsden J, B94.190–194
judgment on appeal of Olney J, B94.195–198
judgment on appeal of Wallace J, B94.181–189
natural gas projects, see Natural gas
negligence claims, exclusion of, YB04.143–4
objects of, YB03.44
oil and gas, J04.185-209
joint marketing agreements, J04.185-209
restrictive trade practices, see restrictive trade practices
oil and natural gas, J03.153-160, J03.485-491
Papua New Guinea, establishment in—see Papua New Guinea; Porgera Mine
partial changes in ownership, amendment of tax legislation, YB95.415–417
partnership, YB04.120
partnership, distinguished, YB94.369
predetermination of key decisions, YB03.52
pre-emptive rights, YB01.122-124, YB01.141-142, J03.146-153, J03.491-495
price fixing exception, YB01.368-369
problems with “reserves risks” and “facilities risk”, B95.82
provision of information to participants, YB03.44
public private partnerships, see Public private partnerships
restrictive trade practices provisions, YB03.56–65
right of first refusal, YB01.122
risk
aversion, YB03.41, YB03.49–51
sharing, YB03.44
risk allocation in—see Risk allocation
sale or partition, property on statutory trust for, YB01.121
sales arrangements, YB03.41
commercial drivers, as, YB03.46
scope of, YB03.56
selling to common purchasers, B95.82
separate or differential production inconsistent with principles, B95.82
Sole Risk Operation, J03.488-489
special purpose proprietary company, YB94.253
sub-joint venture, J03.450-452
supply, ensuring, YB03.42, YB03.51–52
tag-along rights, YB01.125
taxation issues, YB00.483-486
dividends from incorporated joint ventures, YB00.472
fractional interest approach, YB00.484-485
joint approach, YB00.485
transfer of plant, YB00.484
termination rights, restriction of, YB03.45
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), Part IV, J04.192-200, J04.203-208
trade practices legislative reforms, YB04.418–20
trade practices provisions, YB03.56–65
authorisations, YB03.64–65
export exemption and notification, YB03.63–64
transfer of interests in, GST implications, YB00.451-453
unincorporated, YB01.139, YB01.347-348, YB01.360-361, YB03.42-43
project vehicle, as, YB03.102–103, YB03.161
upstream business building, YB03.42, YB03.51–52
valuation of interests, YB03.53–55
‘‘virtual’’, YB03.40–65
voting requirements, YB03.44
JORC Code
compliance
ASX, required by, YB01.68
voluntary, YB01.68
documents issued by mining company to comply with, YB01.38-39
overview, YB01.68
recommended terms, YB01.39
Takeover Panel, use as benchmark by, YB01.68-69
Judicial power
information, to obtain, YB04.86
separation of powers, YB04.89–90
vesting of, YB04.89
Judicial proceedings
administrative power used in aid of, YB04.89–90
Judicial review
bias of decision-maker, YB01.250-251
broad discretionary powers, application to, YB01.242-244
decision must be administrative, YB01.240-241
error of law, YB01.236-238, YB01.248-249
materiality, YB01.239-240
other errors, distinguished, YB01.236
essence of, YB01.236
exercise of regulatory power, controlling, YB01.229
Judicial Review Act 1991 (Qld), B94.53–54
application under, B94.53
discretion to extend time, B94.55
“right to reasons”, B94.54
time limit for application, B94.55
lack of jurisdiction for, YB97.453-458
legislative impediments, YB01.260-263
merits review, distinguished, YB01.237
relevant/irrelevant considerations, YB01.247, YB01.252-254
unreasonableness as ground of, YB01.254-257
Judges
appointments to superior courts, YB03.15–16
Jurisdiction
Commonwealth Parliament’s power to invest federal courts with, YB94.76
Federal Court, of—see Federal Court
of Australian courts to hear foreign torts, YB96.557-564
National Native Title Tribunal, of, YB94.3
Just terms
acquisition of property on, YB94.555
Northern Territory, recent claim by, YB94.565
justiciability
Alien Tort Claims Act (US), see tort
grant of concession, validity of, see Timor Sea
non-justiciability
Act of State Doctrine, J04.63-80
International Comity Doctrine, J04.63-80
Political Question Doctrine, J04.63-80
Consolidated Index: K
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Kakadu National Park
Jabiluka, see Jabiluka uranium mine
World Heritage Committee, consideration of status by, YB00.69, YB00.74-76, YB00.205-206
Kalgoorlie Golden Mile, YB93.372
Kalkadoon People v North Queensland Electricity Commission, YB97.476-484
balance of convenience, YB97.481
decision, YB97.482
delay, YB97.482
Electricity Act 1994 (Qld), YB97.479
facts, YB97.476-478
Federal Court jurisdiction, YB97.479
harm, irreparable, YB97.480
issues, YB97.478-482
powerline, construction of, YB97.479
Kambalda, YB93.365
Kyoto Protocol, J00.162-165, J02.1
background, J00.162-163
compliance
committee, YB02.52-53
procedures, YB02.49, YB02.51, YB02.69
consensus for, YB02.70
Conference of Parties, YB02.49-51
developments after, J00.165
effectiveness of, YB02.50, YB02.69
enforcement of, YB02.49, YB02.51, YB02.52-54
enter into force, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.69
extension of, YB02.70
facilitate, YB02.49, YB02.52-54
flexibility mechanisms, J00.163-165
greenhouse gas reduction, YB02.49, YB02.50
members, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.55
responsibilities, YB02.55
rights of, YB02.55
non-compliance, consequences of, YB02.53-54, YB02.69
objectives, YB02.50
obligations, YB02.49, YB02.51, YB02.55, YB02.57
legally binding, YB02.53
non-party, effect on, YB02.57
participation, YB02.49, YB02.50
ratification of, YB02.49, YB02.50
review of, YB02.70
WTO rules, conflict with, YB02.66-68
Consolidated Index: L
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Labour covenants, B96.138
Land
Aboriginal, see Aboriginal land
access
agreements, YB96.119
restrictions, YB96.204-206
access to, YB02.121
categorisation, YB96.205
compulsory acquisition of, YB02.121-122
Crown grants, YB02.103, YB02.108
estate in, YB02.214
grants, YB02.135
validity of, YB02.111
interest in, YB02.213
lease of, YB02.120
mining, see Mining lease
pastoral, see Pastoral lease
Land and Environment Court (Qld), J04.226-227
land rich regime (Vic), J04.132-133
low impact future act, YB02.121
multiple land use, YB96.205
native title, see Native title rights; Aboriginal rights; Native title
title to, see Land title
“occupied”, YB96.206
use of, YB02.120-121
Land Acquisition (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA), B94.146
Land and Resources Tribunal
jurisdiction, J04.275-289
condition precedent, J04.278-288
criteria for allowing determination of, J04.287-288
non-extinguishment of native title, J04.278-281
power to determine, J04.282-287
nature of, J04.275-276
Land Councils, YB02.112
community, YB02.112
legal proceedings by, YB02.112
Land Resources Tribunal (Qld)
appeals, J99.77
constitution, J99.75-76, J99.78-81
directions, J99.76
establishment, J99.71
indigenous issues referees, J99.74
jurisdiction, J99.71, J99.72
mediation referees, J99.74
members, J99.72-75
mining referees, J99.71, J99.74
Mining Warden’s Court, replacing, J99.71
native title jurisdiction, J99.71
NNTT panel, J99.75, J99.81
non-presiding members, J99.73-75
panels, J99.76
powers, J99.76
practice and procedure, J99.76-77
presiding members, J99.72-73
referrals, J99.77
registrar, J99.75
representation of parties, J99.77
Land title
Aboriginal, see Aboriginal land; Native title
Canada, in, YB02.213-214, YB02.217-220, YB02.239
Crown, YB02.103
grants by, YB02.103, YB02.108
land, YB02.108, YB02.109
native, see Native title
possessory rights, YB02.108
tenure, YB02.103, YB02.104
validity of, YB02.191, YB02.200-201
Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA), YB94.17
application for grant of title, B94.39
assent to Act, B95.99
commencement, B94.12, B94.38
Commonwealth Act, inconsistency with, YB94.83
compensation, B94.38–39, YB94.44
extinguishment of native title, B94.126
extinguishment provisions, YB94.42, YB94.43
future titles, B94.127–129
introduction to House of Assembly, B95.24
main features of, YB94.41
native title, definition, YB94.41
Preamble, YB94.17
Racial Discrimination Act, application of, YB94.45
relationship with Commonwealth Act, B94.38, B94.39
rights of traditional usage, YB94.43
declarations of, YB94.43
mining tenement, objection on ground of, YB94.47
“traditional usage” rights, B94.38
validation of titles, B94.38, B94.126–127
validity, B94.12, B94.126
Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA)
inconsistent with Racial Discrimination Act, B95.108–109, B95.243–244
invalid, B95.102–105, B95.108–112
Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Regulations 1993 (WA)
amendment by Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Amendment Regulations 1994
commencement, B94.62
commencement, B94.12
Landholders’ rights
amendment of NSW legislation, J99.106
compensation, J99.106
objection to mining lease where improvements to land, J99.208-210
notice of mining lease applications to, J99.106
penalty provisions, J99.107
readvertising mining lease application to protect, J99.268-269
“unknown landholders”, compensation to, J99.106
Lange case, YB03.556–558
Lardil
permit, validity of, YB02.181-183
establishment of native title, YB02.182
registered native title claimants, YB02.182
statutory rights of, YB02.182
Lavarch Committee, YB96.357
Lease
liability for environmental damage, YB93.11
mining
conditions, YB93.67
Lease agreement
letter of intent, YB02.15
enforcement of, YB02.15
negotiation of, YB02.15
terms, YB02.15
Leases
receivers and managers, YB03.135
Legal precedent, YB04.79
Legal professional privilege
dominant purpose test, YB04.91
foreign lawyers, communications with, YB04.97–8
High Court treatment of, YB04.90–1
nature of, YB04.90
third party communications, YB04.91–2
United States developments, YB04.95–6
Legislative frameworks for petroleum development, YB97.246-285
bankability of, YB97.286-296
Bank group’s petroleum sector investments, YB97.283-285
Dai Hung - see Dai Hung
disputed areas, YB97.293
essential elements, YB97.249-262
access to land, YB97.261
arbitration, YB97.262
competent authority, YB97.250
definitions, YB97.260
duties, YB97.254
environmental protection and safety, YB97.259
fiscal stabilisation, YB97.258
natural gas development, YB97.260
petroleum agreements, YB97.252
petroleum operations, YB97.252
qualifications, YB97.253
regulations, YB97.253
rights, YB97.254
state property in petroleum, YB97.249
taxation
duties and exchange controls, YB97.257
profits, of, YB97.255
unitisation, YB97.261
extraterritoriality, YB97.293
foreign investment, YB97.247
model contracts, YB97.273-281
cost recovery and expenses, YB97.277
declaration of discovery, YB97.276
environmental protection, YB97.279
fees and bonuses, YB97.279
joint management committee, YB97.277
minimum work obligations, YB97.275
production shares, YB97.277, YB97.279
relinquishments, YB97.276
requisition, emergency, YB97.280
rights, YB97.275
standard provisions, YB97.273-281
supply of domestic market, YB97.280
taxation and duties, YB97.278
training of personnel, YB97.281
types in use, YB97.274
objectives
host country’s, YB97.249
international oil companies’, YB97.252
regulations, YB97.262-273
agreements, YB97.266
assignment of rights, YB97.270
competent authority, YB97.263
environmental protection, YB97.271
exploration period, YB97.267
financial regime, YB97.268-270
land use, YB97.271
licensing, YB97.263
miscellaneous provisions, YB97.272
model forms, YB97.273
operations, YB97.266
risk, legal, YB97.293
zones of co-operation, YB97.293
Legislative power
abdication, YB96.331
manner and form requirements, YB96.331-332
Lenders’ liability, YB93.11, YB93.56
contractual clauses
“as is” clause, YB93.23
compliance with environmental requirements, YB93.21, YB93.28–29
due diligence, YB93.26–28—see also Due diligence
environmental audits, YB93.29—see also Environmental audits
hazardous materials, YB93.21, YB93.28
indemnity, YB93.24–25—see also Indemnity
inspection, YB93.29
insurance, YB93.30—see also Insurance
notification, YB93.26—see also Notification
no notice of breach or litigation, YB93.22
permits, YB93.22–23
release clause, YB93.23–24
remediation, YB93.25–26—see also Remediation
rescission, YB93.30–31—see also Rescission
underground improvements, YB93.21
environmental protection
Rio Summit policy, YB93.58
precautions, YB93.17–33
conditions, YB93.19–20
due diligence—see Due diligence
environmental audits, YB93.29
indemnity, YB93.24–25
insurance—see Insurance
warranties, YB93.19–33
trends
Australia, YB93.14–16
Europe, YB93.12–13
United Kingdom, YB93.13
United States, YB93.13–14
Letter of intent
enforcement of, YB02.15
lease agreement, for, YB02.15
Letters of comfort
construction, YB04.549
definition, YB04.546
difficulties with, YB03.111
false and misleading statements, YB04.559–60
Gate Gourmet decision, YB04.552–60
guarantee, distinguished, YB04.547
identity of parties, problems establishing, YB04.558
intention to create legal relations, YB04.557–8
non-enforceability, YB04.547–8, YB04.551–2, YB04.560
privity of contract, YB04.559–60
project finance, YB03.111–112
promissory statements and obligations, YB04.549–51, YB04.557
purpose, YB03.111, YB04.546-8
Lex specialis, YB96.125
Liability
apologies and, J00.220-224
company, of
common law, at, YB95.221–222
defences, YB95.224, YB95.227, YB95.228, YB95.229, YB95.230-231
due diligence, YB95.235–237
direct, YB95.222
compensation, for, see Compensation
damages, for, see Damages
employer, where employee exposed to noxious fumes, J99.114-115
New South Wales, in, YB95.225–229
Queensland, in, YB95.223–225
South Australia, in, YB95.223–225
Tesco Supermarkets v Nattrass, principle in, YB95.222, YB95.224, YB95.227, YB95.231
vicarious, YB95.222–223
Victoria, in, YB95.225–229
Western Australia, in, YB95.229–231
environment protection legislation, under
company, YB95.189–191
corporate officers, YB95.183, YB95.184
corporate officer, interpretation, YB95.184–186
joint venture agreements, in, YB95.187-189, YB95.195
offences by company, for, YB95.187
director of company, YB95.182
joint venture
corporate officers, of, YB95.187-189, YB95.195
partners, of, YB95.182
exclusion clauses, see Exclusion clauses
Gascor, J99.91, J99.93
insurance, J99.50-53
insurance and admissions of, J00.221-222
insurance against—see Insurance
joint venture, corporate criminal liability in
incorporated, where, YB95.234–235
unincorporated, where, YB95.232–234
limitation clauses, see Limitation clauses
limitation of, YB02.442, YB02.444
occupational health and safety legislation, under
corporate officers, YB95.205–208
offshore units
limitation, J99.25
pollution, for, J99.25
public bodies, of, see Public bodies
public officer, of, see Public officer
solicitor’s professional liability, J99.173-176
statutory corporation, immunity, J99.205-206
transfer of, YB02.444
utility failure, J99.42-53
VENCorp, J99.91, J99.93
Licence; Licences—see also Exploration licences, Mineral development licences, Prospecting licences, Pollution control licences
access regimes, YB03.593–594
“fit and proper person” test, B96.139–148
Bond Media case, B96.140–141
Creswick Resources NL, B96.146–147
Croft, B96.144–145
Morgan and Taylor, B96.143
Pyrenees Mining Co NL, B96.143–144
Rimlex Mining NL/March Mining Pty Ltd, B96.145–146
land outside boundary, right to enter, explore and gather information, YB03.583–599
legislation, YB03.588
Santos Ltd v Minister for Minerals & Energy, YB03.584–588
mining, YB93.329, YB94.315—see also Tailings
profit a prendre, B94.21–22
technology
legislation evolving with, YB03.594
surveys, YB03.595–598
Limitation clauses
consequential loss, for, YB02.448-449
drafting of, YB02.460-461
exclusion of, YB02.451
interpretation of, YB02.445-451
liability, for, YB02.444
negligence, for, YB02.447-448
terms of, see Construction of terms
Listings
acquisition of control, YB02.321
compulsory acquisition, YB02.321
schemes of arrangement, YB02.321
takeovers, YB02.321
Liquidation
insolvent resource company, YB99.153-155
nature of remedy, YB99.153-154
procedure, YB99.153-154
usefulness of remedy, YB99.154-155
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
arbitrage and swap opportunities, YB04.350–1
Asia Pacific market, YB04.322–4, YB04.340–1
changing environment, YB04.347
China, YB04.345
emerging buyer countries, YB04.345–6
Japan, YB04.324–6, YB04.355
net-back pricing, YB04.346–7
North America, YB04.345, YB04.346–7
recent developments, YB04.345
traditional buyers, responses to change, YB04.347–8
destinations
freedom, YB04.350–1
review of, YB04.330–2
excess purchase commitments, diverting, YB04.350
freight on board (FOB) purchases, YB04.349
flexibility, YB04.349–50
transportation margin, YB04.349
maritime transportation, YB04.282–3
pre-conditions, YB04.331
market expansion, YB04.323
North West Shelf Project, YB04.321–2
Japan, contract with, YB04.322, YB04.324–5
pricing, YB04.333–5, YB04.340–1, YB04.344–5
buyer financial stability, YB04.351–2
net-back, YB04.346–7
price reviews, YB04.336–7
traditional buyers, YB04.398
quantity, YB04.328–30
annual contract (ACQ), YB04.343
downward tolerance (DQT), YB04.329–30, YB04.343A
excess capacity, YB04.344
buyers seeking priority, YB04.355
flexibility, buyers seeking additional, YB04.352
take-or-pay and make-up, YB04.344, YB04.352
risk, mitigation of, YB04.353–5
upward tolerance (UQT), YB04.329–30, YB04.343–4, YB04.349–50
sale and purchase agreements, YB04.342
breaches, YB04.353–4
buyers and transportation commitments, YB04.339–40
“change of circumstances”, YB04.337–9
“confer in good faith” clauses, YB04.327
damages for breaches, YB04.353–4
destination restrictions, review of, YB04.330–2, YB04.350–1
flexibility and certainty, dichotomy, YB04.326–7, YB04.352
pricing, YB04.333–7, YB04.344–5
quantity, YB04.328–30
shorter terms, YB04.328, YB04.348–9
sources of supply, diversity in, YB04.332–3
“substantial hardship”, YB04.338–9
Liquor Licensing Tribunal (WA)
bias, B95.4–6
Litigation
cost, YB03.14
inefficiency, YB03.14
Local environment plan (NSW)
Direction to prepare draft plan
application of Direction to prepare draft plan, B95.95
consultation requirements, B95.96–97
extent of application of Direction, B95.95–96
form of Direction, B95.97–98
s 65 certificate, B95.97
Local government
environmental responsibility, YB93.412
Logging companies
quarries, use of (Tas), J00.8
London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA)
rules, YB03.35
Longford case
background, YB03.567–569
decision in, YB03.571–579
facts of, YB03.567
history of proceedings, YB03.569–570
issues to be determined, YB03.570
Longford explosion and subsequent gas supply interruption, YB03.569
public utility providers, consequences for, YB03.579–581
Consolidated Index: M
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Mabo, YB96.85, YB96.111—see also Native Title
aboriginal rights, see Aboriginal rights; Native title
application of, YB02.96-104
application to areas of mainland Australia, B94.15
common law rights, YB02.102
acceptance of, YB02.102
assumption of, YB02.102
unjust discrimination, YB02.102
credibility of Eddie Mabo, trial judge’s opinion of, YB94.24
determination of native title, YB02.242
effect of, YB02.241
extinguishment by reversion, YB95.498
fiduciary duty of Crown to native title holders, YB95.500
High Court decision in, YB94.2
implications of decision, B94.158–169
interest in land, YB02.242
law prior to, YB94.33
majority of High Court, significant differences of opinion within, YB94.33
principles of, B94.16, YB94.33
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), consideration of provisions in Mabo (No 1), YB94.39
response to, YB02.122
State legislation in response
Northern Territory, B94.40
Queensland, B94.40
Victoria, B94.40
summary from judgment of Brennan J, B94.71–72
Western Australia v the Commonwealth, reference to decision in, YB95.537
Maintenance
construction contracts, YB04.163
Major projects
extinguishment of native title, YB02.206
use of term, YB02.205-206
Malaysia
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.249, J99.251
Malta
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.249, J99.251
Mandatory renewable energy target (MRET), see Renewable energy
“Manner and form” provision, YB93.160–165, YB93.178–179
Maori claims to petroleum
background, YB01.426
claimant arguments, YB01.437-438
Crown arguments, YB01.439-440
environmental issues, YB01.435-436
immediate context, YB01.431-436
Kupe Field, Crown rights, YB01.435
Maori freehold land, YB01.429
native title
articulation of claims, YB01.429-431
recognition in New Zealand, YB01.429
ownership of petroleum, YB01.427-429
Taranaki Raupatu (Confiscation) Claim, YB01.431-432
resolution of, YB01.432-435
Treaty of Waitangi
nationalisation of petroleum contrary to, YB01.438
principles of, YB01.430
uncertain outcome of, YB01.440
Waitangi Tribunal
claimant arguments, YB01.437-438
Crown arguments, YB01.439-440
forum for grievances, YB01.430
initial claim before, YB01.426
procedural history of claim, YB01.436-437
Maori land, YB93.428
Margin schemes
GST, YB99.400-401
Marine parks and reserves, J97.192, 279-291
creation, J97.283
environmental protection, J97.290
management, J97.281-286
mining (NSW), J97.192
mining (WA), J97.287
petroleum, J97.289
Marine pollution
conventions concerning, YB00.78-79
Maritime boundary disputes
applicable legal principles, YB03.388–391
Australia-East Timor, YB03.401–403
Brunei-Malaysia, YB03.400–401
Cambodia-Thailand, YB03.398–400
case studies, YB03.398–403
international litigation/arbitration, YB03.392–394
issues arising, YB03.387
maritime boundary treaty, YB03.392
methods for resolving, YB03.391
petroleum companies, implications for, YB03.403–404
provisional arrangements, YB03.394–398
Maritime law
offshore units, application to, J99.21-27, J99.241-252
Maritime Legislation Amendment Bill 1993 (Cth)
“continental shelf”, B94.5
purpose, B94.4
Maritime liens
offshore units, J99.24
Maritime terrorism, see also Piracy
Abu Sayyaf, YB04.277
Al Qaeda, YB04.277
bulk cargo, YB04.282–3
choke points, YB04.281–2
crews, documentation relating to, YB04.283
impact, YB04.275
economic, YB04.281–2
insurance, YB04.319–20
international agreements and conventions, YB04.283–4
Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), YB04.283–4
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, YB04.284
South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO), YB04.285
United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, YB04.284
Jemaah Islamuyah, YB04.277
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), YB04.277
LPG and LNG vessels, YB04.282
maritime trade, importance of, YB04.276
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), YB04.277
New People's Army, YB04.277
obstacles to progress, YB04.284–5
potential attack scenarios, YB04.277
recent history, YB04.276–8
review of attacks, YB04.278–9
targets, YB04.277
Market flex clauses, YB03.115–116, YB03.163–164
marking out
at each extremity, J01.245-246
sea, J01.244-245
Mediation
Aboriginal cultural heritage issues, YB04.509–11
confidentiality agreement, YB94.204
essential criteria, YB94.201
good faith, YB94.205
legal advisers, role of, YB94.202
mediator
qualifications, YB94.201
role, YB94.201
native title see Federal Court of Australia; National Native Title Tribunal
nature of, YB94.200
party representatives, role of, YB94.203
People’s Republic of China, in, YB03.190
phases, YB94.201
position papers, YB94.204
preliminary conference, YB94.203
structuring, YB94.203
trans-national disputes, YB04.49
Mediator—see Mediation
Merger(s)
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
Alcoa Inc and Reynolds Metal Company, YB01.7
offshore mergers affecting Australian market, YB01.7
proposed acquisition of Ashton Mining Limited, YB01.7-8
Australian competition law, see Australian competition law
BHP and Billiton, between, YB01.4-5
contractual arrangement, YB02.321
cross border, see Cross border mergers and acquisitions
European Commission, approach of, YB01.4-8
overseas competition laws
application of, YB01.3
Europe, in, YB01.3
United States, in, YB01.3
overseas regulators, approach of
Europe, YB01.4-5
United States, YB01.5-8
overseas regulatory review, YB01.3
RTZ Corporation PLC and CRA Limited, YB01.4
structure, YB02.321
United States Department of Justice, approach of, YB01.5-8
Mergers and acquisitions
CRA/Rio Tinto Zinc, YB97.502-507
exemptions from ASC and ASX, YB97.506
implementation agreement, YB97.503
shareholders voting, YB97.504
sharing agreement, YB97.503
dual listed company, YB97.502-507
advantages of, YB97.506
Australia, in, YB97.507
goodwill, YB97.498-500
Normandy Mining, YB97.485-502
elements of schemes, YB97.487
goodwill, YB97.498-500
accounting standard AASB 1015, YB97.499
ASC relief, YB97.499-500
group pre-merger, YB97.486
implementation agreement, YB97.488
listing rule complications, YB97.501-502
Newcrest
blocking of merger, YB97.488
proposal by, YB97.489
rejection of, YB97.490
recommended terms, YB97.487
scheme meetings, developments before, YB97.488
shareholders, option for, YB97.495-497
successful proposal, YB97.490-491
Tanami Option, YB97.496-497
schemes of arrangement
advantages over takeovers, YB97.492-498
complexity of, YB97.500
control under, YB97.492
convertible securities, YB97.493-495
disadvantages of, YB97.500-502
flexibility of, YB97.495-498
shareholders, meetings of classes of, YB97.501
stamp duty considerations, YB97.497
takeover schemes—see Takeovers
Metallurgy—see Mining, ore processing
Mine closure, see also Decommissioning and rehabilitation
abandoned minesites, YB96.464, YB96.467-468
final voids, YB96.464, YB96.468-469
history of, YB96.465-466
importance of environmentally acceptable closure, YB96.465
infrastructure, YB96.470
new operations, YB96.466
ongoing operations, YB96.466-467
process plant, YB96.470
public safety, YB96.465, YB96.471-472
solid waste, YB96.469
standards, YB96.470
Mine management
legislative developments (NT), J00.106
sale of mine, J00.194
Mine safety
breach of provisions
onus of proof (Qld), J99.112
penalties (Qld), J99.112
prosecution (NSW), J99.104-105
coal mines (NSW) regulations, J99.203-204
declared plant manager obligations, J99.203-204
mine manager obligations, J99.203
owner obligations, J99.203
employer’s liability where employee exposed to noxious fumes, J99.114-115
investigation of incidents (NSW), J99.4
issues (NSW), J99.4-5
new requirements (Qld), J99.111-112
officers and investigators, J99.4, 111-112
prosecution of health and safety law breaches (NSW), J99.104-105
Mineral and resources policy statement
key objectives, J98.1
principles for government action, J98.1
resource security, J98.1
Mineral Development Lease (Qld)
“holding title”, B95.92
Mineral development licences, B96.169–170
Mineral development licences (Qld)
Land and Resources Tribunal constitution, J99.79
Mineral exploration
code of practice (Tas), J00.9
licencing procedures (NSW), J00.192-193
management of (Vic), J00.202
mineral sands (Vic), J00.202
native title, J00.192
royalties, J00.192, J00.193
security deposit required, J00.192
Mineral Exploration Code of Practice (Tas), YB95.4
Mineral lease
application for (NT), J00.2-3
environmental objection, J00.3
notice, J00.2-3
role of Warden, J00.3
environmental offences
penalties, J00.192
Mineral lease (NT)
date of grant, J99.212
estate or interest in land, whether, J99.210-211
profit à prendre, J99.211
Mineral processing, YB97.316-318
comminution, YB97.316-317
concentration, YB97.317
Mineral refineries
definition “mine”, B95.233–234
environmental concern, B95.235-236
implications for off-site processing, B95.234–235
requirement for mining lease, B95.232–236
Mineral Resources Act 1989 (Qld)
amendments, B95.164–170
appointment of Mining Warden, B95.167
avoiding lease not promptly and properly used, B95.92–93
“environmental audit” required with respect to plan of operations or alterations to such a plan, B95.166
“environmental impact”, B95.164
exploration permits, B95.165
“explore”, B95.225–226
failure to comply with direction of mining registrar, B95.167
late objections, B96.3–8
“mine”, B95.225–226
mineral development licences, B95.166
mining claims, B95.165
mining leases, B95.166–167
powers to interfere with exploration and prospecting, B95.226–227
prospecting permits, B95.164
renewal or termination of mining claim, B95.165
Mineral Resources Development Act 1989 (Vic)
amendment by the Mineral Resources Development (Amendment) Act 1993 (Vic)
assent, B94.6
commencement, B94.6
“development” licences, B94.6, B94.8
effectiveness, B94.8
exploration licence renewal, B94.8
permit, grant of, B94.6
private land owner’s rights, B94.6
protection of environment, B94.6
“restricted Crown land”, B94.7
royalties for disposal of tailings, B94.8
amendment by the Mineral Resources Development (Further Amendment) Bill 1993
application of planning restrictions to exploration, B94.56–57
“licensee”, B94.57
“mineral”, B94.56
Crown land, B94.7
“Reserves Act”, B94.7
Mineral Resources Development Act 1995 (Tas), B96.137–138
Mineral Resources Development Bill 1995 (Tas), B95.240
Mineral Royalty Act 1982 (NT)
royalty valuation provisions, examination of—see North Flinders Mine Ltd v Conn
Minerals
definition, YB96.203
exploration, YB96.204-206, YB96.455-462
export regulation, YB94.237
extrinsic aid, J97.74-81
historical definition, J97.72-73
meaning, J97.69-83, J98.12-13
native title, J00.82, 84, 90
extinguishment, J00.98
sea-bed, J00.14-17
ownership, YB96.201-203
private ownership, YB96.202-203
processing, foreign investment statistics, YB94.231
Minerals and petroleum
access to, YB02.110-111
mining lease, YB02.110-111
tenement, YB02.110
common law and, YB02.110-111
compensation, YB02.198, YB02.199
Crown
exclusive rights, YB02.110, YB02.117
vested in, YB02.110
legislation, YB02.195-197
native title rights, YB02.110
determination of, YB02.195-198
extinguishment of, YB02.110, YB02.195-197, YB02.205
negotiation of, YB02.205
ownership of, YB02.197
regulation of, YB02.195-197
right to mine, YB02.121
royalties, YB02.198
state rights, YB02.117
statutory vesting of, YB02.110
Minerals industry
abolition of export controls, B96.92, B96.163
Constitutional protection of resource rights under Commonwealth laws, B96.149–154
definition, B96.35
development of minerals projects, B96.162–163
export earnings, B96.164
urban benefits, B96.36
effect of environmentalist movement, B96.55
safety in work, B96.95, B96.138
South Australia, B96.171
Mineral sands industry
buried radioactive tailings, B95.206–207
environmental problems with radioactive tailings, B95.195–197
legislative control of radioactive waste disposal
deficiencies in regulation of disposal, B95.207–208
dilution of tailings prior to burial, B95.209
Environmental Protection Act 1986 (WA), B95.202–205
land title to information relating to tailings, B95.209
Mines Regulations Act 1946 (WA), B95.197
Mines Regulations Act Regulations 1976 (WA), B95.198–200
Mining Act 1978 (WA), B95.201–202
occupational exposure to radiation, B95.194–195
problems with radioactive elements, B95.193–194
register of tailings sites, B95.208
nature of mineral sands, B95.193
no risk burial of radioactive tailings, B95.209
Mines and Works Inspection Regulations 1965 (SA)
fees amendment, commencement, B94.10
Mines Regulation Act 1946 (WA)
repealed, B96.14
Mines Safety and Inspection Bill 1994 (WA)
administration of Act, B94.152
duties of employers and managers, B94.152–153
expected commencement, B94.151
health and safety representatives, B94.153
“mining operations”, B94.151
occupational health, welfare and safety, duties regarding, B94.151–152
repeal of Mines Regulation Act 1946 (WA), B94.151
Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 (WA), B96.14
Mining—see also Coal, Coal Mining, Exploration, Mining applications, Opal mining, Petroleum
absolute privilege of inspection reports (NSW), J99.5
access to land, YB93.428–429, YB95.48-49
accounting standards, see International Accounting Standards
administration, YB93.422
agencies, conflict between, YB95.4446
alien tort claims, see tort
amendments to NSW Mining Act 1992, J97.3-5
application for
mining claim, J04.119-120
consent of owners, J04.119-120
application to “minerals”, YB96.203
approvals for, YB95.12-14, YB95.34
federal controls, YB95.34
integrated development approvals system, establishment of working party, YB95.55–56
review of, YB95.54
success, key components in, YB95.58
“at risk” agreements, J98.95-96
Australian economy, position in, YB94.224
best practice contamination assessment principles, YB04.445–6
Best Practice Notes, publication of, YB95.58
Canadian, YB96.169-170
challenging the warden’s discretion, J98.164-190
claims and disputes—see Mining contracts
coal—see Coal mining
Code of Conduct on Mining Policy, development of, YB04.65
common law, YB96.167
Commonwealth, role of
Constitutional powers, YB96.176-181
existing legislation, YB96.170-176
company, J04.230-231
companies, see Resource companies
compensation, see Compensation claims, J98.16-18, J98.355-363, J98.367
compensation for see Compensation for mining
compensation to landowners, J04.229-230
concentration of ore, YB95.9
conditions, J98.354-356
consent authority, YB95.23–25
Environmental Impact Statement—see Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
merit issues, council inclusion of, YB95.25, YB95.50
consultants, YB93.364–365
Contaminated Land Management Act 1997, impact on, J99.63-70
Contamination, see contamination
contract—see Mining contracts
Coronation Hill, J97.106, J97.184-188
costs before warden, J97.7-10
Crown-owned minerals, YB93.421, YB93.426–427, YB93.429–431
Crown ownership of minerals, YB99.325, YB99.336
damage during exploratory operations, J03.398-400
definition of ‘mine’ (Qld), J03.20-21
definition of ‘minerals’, YB96.203
description of mining tenement, J98.372-373
designated development, YB95.25–28
significance of project, emphasis on, YB95.57–59
developing a mine, YB93.358–380
drilling, YB93.362–364
field work, YB93.360–362
research, YB93.359–360
development consent—see Development consent
directors’ liability under legislation, YB03.524–525
disclosure information—see Disclosure
discovery, J97.203, J98.373-374
diversity, YB96.183
duties of directors and shareholders in joint venture companies, J98.106-107
environment, impact on, YB95.4
Environmental Impact Statement—see Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
environmental objections, J97.254-257
environmental protection authorities, YB04.430, YB04.434, YB04.436
exemption applications
extension of time for, J04.37-39
exemptions, J97.16, J97.115-118, J98.103-106
expenditure
capital, YB94.224
private mineral exploration, YB94.225
exploration licence, YB96.200-214
exploration licence, application for, J04.238-239
objections, J04.238-239
native title, see native title
exploration licences, see Exploration licences
exploration permits, see Exploration permits
export controls, J97.3, J97.100
Federal Court jurisdiction, J98.194-195
financial analysis, YB93.379–380
foreign investment, YB94.223
access to land, YB94.298–299
data, access to, YB94.303
Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975 (Cth), YB94.230
guidelines, YB94.230
Senate Select Committee recommendations, YB94.233
security of tenure, YB94.283–286
statistics, YB94.231
taxes and royalties, YB94.292–293
forfeiture, J98.28-29, J98.100-103
freeholders, YB96.167
GATT, benefits conferred by, YB94.236
Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994, adoption by NT, J99.211
glossary of terms, YB97.318
government
policy, absence of, YB95.40–44
power of, YB95.13–14
GST, impact on mining industry, J99.54-62
in Northern Territory, J98.71-76
includes "exploration" (Qld), J02.22
injunctive relief, J03.398-400
international treaties, federal government powers under, YB94.235
investigation of incidents (NSW), J99.4
joint ventures, see joint ventures
jurisdiction of warden’s court, J97197.198, J98.100-102
Kambalda, YB93.365–366
“land”, YB96.205
land purchase, YB99.327
land use conflict, YB99.326
lease—see Mining lease
leases, see mining lease
legal character of resource titles, J98.57-70
legislation
New Zealand, YB93.419–433
rights conferred by, YB94.320
legislative amendments (NT), J03.128, (WA), J03.142-145
legislative controls on, YB95.12-15, YB95.34-36
approvals process, need for efficiency in, YB95.13
conflict between, YB95.38–40
Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)—see Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW)
historical development of, YB95.14–15
Mining Act 1992 (NSW)—see Mining Act 1992 (NSW)
philosophy of, YB95.15
licences, YB94.315, J98.210-212
marine parks and reserves, J97.192, J97.279-291
mine management, J98.364
mine planning, YB97.310-311
design and layout, YB97.310
production schedules, YB97.311
reserves and resources, YB97.310
mine safety officers and investigators (NSW), J99.4
mineral processing—see Mineral processing
minerals programme, YB93.429–431
mines inspection, J98.87-88
Mining Act 1978 (WA), J04.48-55
in open court, meaning of, J04.49-50
Mining Act Amendment Bill (WA), J04.234-236
prospecting licence, J04.50-52
warden’s court jurisdiction, see warden’s court
mining lease, YB96.214-217
mining leases, see Mining leases
mining purposes lease, YB96.220
mining titles, YB96.207-208, YB99.326
ministerial discretion, J98.28-29
ministerial statement (Vic), J04.30-31
national code, J97.21-26
native title agreements, see native title
natural justice, J97.197-198
New South Wales
nature and extent, YB95.58–59
turnover, YB95.52
NSW Department of Mineral Resources, new policies, J99.5-6
NSW legislation amendments, J99.4-5
NT legislation amendments, J99.12, J99.211-212
objections to application, J03.129-131
objections to leases, see Mining leases
objectives, YB96.200-201
occupational health and safety, see safety
offshore, J98.89
offshore exploration—see Exploration
Offshore Minerals Act 1994 (Cth), YB94.239–246
Olympic Dam, YB93.366–368
open pit, YB97.312-314
blasting, YB97.312
drilling, YB97.312
haulage, YB97.314
loading, YB97.313
optimisation analysis, YB93.371–372
order to transfer tenements, J98.376-378
ore processing, YB93.377–379
origins, YB96.166
Papua New Guinea, development in—see Papua New Guinea
partial surrender, J98.20-22
permits, YB93.427–428
petroleum—see Petroleum
Philippine mining law, J04.7-9
planning focus meetings
initiation of, YB95.44
procedures, improvement of, YB95.56
planning legislation, conflict with, YB95.38–40
pollution control offences, J98.212.214
preconditions to activity, YB97.309
preliminary site investigations, claims in relation to—see Mining contracts
private mines, J97.11
procedural fairness, J98.28-29
proposed changes to SA Mining Act 1971, J97.10-11
prosecution of health and safety law breaches (NSW), J99.104-105
prospecting licence, J04.236-237
prospecting licences (WA), J99.13-15
protected areas, YB99.325
regional forest agreements, J97.1
registrar, J04.17-18
rehabilitation of site, YB95.4
expenditure on, YB95.426
rent on titles, time for payment (NT), J99.211-212
resource management, YB93.424–425
retention lease, YB96.218-220
royalty, J97.201
royalties, see Royalties, YB99.325-326
safety, see safety
safety issues (NSW), J99.4-5
safety provisions, YB93.431, YB93.433
security of costs, J98.102-103, J98.375-376
sentencing, J98.214-215
smelting, YB95.9–10
sovereign risk, effect on decisions to invest, YB95.46–48
sovereignty, YB99.325
State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) (NSW), right to continue under, YB95.23
States, role of, YB96.182-183
State versus uniform legislation, YB96.198
surface mining, YB95.5–6
surface subsidence, J98.196-200, J98.355-362
surrender, J97.11
Tasmania’s regional forest agreement, J98.22
taxation—see Mining taxation
taxation legislation, changes to
balancing adjustment provisions, YB95.426–427
deductible capital expenditure, YB95.418–419
property, disposal of, YB95.421
termination value, YB95.420–421
capital expenditure, deductions on, YB95.425
allowable, definition, YB95.410
deductions before 19 July 1992, YB95.409-410
cash bidding, YB95.426
Commissioner, discretion of, YB95.422
deductions for expenditure, key principles in, YB95.425–427
depreciation of plant, YB95.409
excess deductions, YB95.413-414, YB95.426
allowable capital expenditure, of, YB95.414–415
exploration or prospecting
definition, YB95.407–409
expenditure on, YB95.425
housing and welfare, expenditure on, YB95.411–413
information, sale of, YB95.425–426
partial changes in property ownership, YB95.415–417
property, definition, YB95.417–418
rehabilitation of site, expenditure on, YB95.426
remaining issues, YB95.422–423
right, sale of, YB95.425–426
transportation, expenditure on, YB95.426
temporary land use, YB99.325
time limit for appeal of warden’s court, J97.92-93
title audit steps under Native title Act, J98.251-272
treatise on mining law, J97.96-97
town planning, J97.20
underground, YB93.375–377, YB95.6–8, YB97.314-316
mine access, YB97.316
stoping methods, YB97.315
ventilation, YB97.316
United Nations’ Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, YB94.237
United States, YB96.168-169
unit operations, YB97.311
uranium, J97.2, J97.100, J97.105—see also Uranium
valuation techniques, J99.95-96
Warden—see also Warden
discretion to hear, J97.258-257
warden’s court, see warden’s court
wastewater
treatment and disposal of, YB04.431, YB04.435–6
water licences
New South Wales, YB04.432–4
Queensland, YB04.430–1
Victoria, YB04.434–7
World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983, YB94.235
work requirements, J97.199
work safety, J97.202
Mining Act 1971 (SA)
amendment by Statutes Repeal and Amendment (Development) Act 1993
copy of application for mining lease to be sent to land owner, B94.10
Minister to publish application for mining lease, B94.10
amendment by Mining (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994, B94.58–59, B94.146
jurisdiction of Environment Resources and Development Court in native title matters, B94.146
native title amendment, B95.24–29, B95.99, B95.175, B95.239
power of Minister to suspend or cancel mining lease, B95.174
power of Minister to suspend or cancel miscellaneous purposes licence, B95.174
review of, B94.10
royalties amendment, B95.13
special enterprises amendment, B95.174–175
Mining Act 1978 (WA)
aerial surveys, B96.12–13
amendments, B96.11–14
amendment by Mining Amendment Act 1993
commencement, B94.12, B94.110
environmental inspectors, B94.110
exploration licences, B94.110
extension of limits and restrictions on mining leases for gold with consent, B94.110
prospecting licences, fixed term, B94.110
retention licences, B94.110
special prospecting licences, B94.110
applicants complying with s 105A(3) “at the same time”, B95.15
compensation for lease granted over private land, B95.106
discretion of Minister to grant or refuse application wider regarding mining lease, B95.16, B95.21
effect of non-compliance with s 118, B95.15–16, B95.17
exemption from expenditure conditions under s 102, B95.19, B95.21–23, B96.113–115
exemption of land by Minister, B96.11
exploration licences, B96.13, B96.111–112
limitation periods for prosecutions, B96.14
mineral exploration reports, B96.12
miscellaneous licences, B96.13
plaints for forfeiture, B96.176–177
private land, B96.11
“project status”, B96.113–114
regulatory power, B96.14
reform of registration system, B96.173–174
security, B96.13
special prospecting licences under s 70(1), B95.20, B96.12, B96.174
State forest and timber reserves, B96.175
summary refusal by Minister of applications for mining tenement under s 111A
definition of public interest, B95.115–116
introduction and content of s 111A, B95.113–114
natural justice, B95.114
precedents, B95.117–123
protection of public interest, B95.124
purpose of Act as fetter to discretion, B95.114–115
repeal of section, B95.125
role of Warden in public interest, B95.116–117
scope of discretion, B95.123–124
surrender of land in accordance with s 65, B95.107–108
tenement applications
ballots, B96.13, B96.110–111
powers of mining registrar, B96.11–12
transitional provisions, B96.14
Mining Act 1980 (NT)
amendment by Mining Amendments Act 1994
assent, B94.119
compensation, B94.121
exploration licence applications, B94.120
jurisdiction of Warden’s Court, B94.119–120
“land”, B94.119
non-monetary compensation, B94.121
“occupier”, B94.119
“owner”, B94.119
Part IIA (to deal with native title issues), B94.119–120
“private land”, B94.119
purpose, B94.119
Mining Act 1992 (NSW)
approvals, YB95.34
assessment lease, YB95.15
authority to prospect or mine, YB95.15
compensation, YB95.19–20
development consent, YB95.21–22
exempted areas, YB95.18–19
agricultural land, YB95.18
improvements to land, where, YB95.18
exploration lease, YB95.15
mineral allocation areas, creation of, YB95.15–16
mining lease, YB95.15
provisions under, YB95.15
public consultation, YB95.20–21
shortcomings in, YB95.42–43
Mining activities
codes of environmental compliance, J00.182
definition, J00.181
environmental authority (Qld), J00.181
amendment, J00.184
assessment process, J00.183-184
audit, J00.184-185
environmental management documents, J00.183
public notification, J00.183
surrender, J00.184
transfer, J00.184
environmental impact statement process, J00.182-183
environmental performance, regulation of (Qld), J00.180-185
environmentally relevant activities, J00.181, J00.202
GST Joint Venture provisions, J00.253
“land rich” stamp duty, J00.196-197
100 metre rule, J00.203
standard and non-standard activities, J00.181-182
water law, J00.279-281
Mining agreements, YB96.117
Mining Amendment Act 1994 (WA)
aerial surveys, B96.12–13
exemptions of land by Minister, B96.11
exploration licences, B96.13
limitation periods for prosecutions, B96.14
mineral exploration reports, B96.12
miscellaneous licences, B96.13
powers of mining registrar, B96.11–12
private land, B96.11
prospecting licences, B96.12
regulatory power, B96.14
security, B96.13
tenement applications
ballots, B96.13, B96.110–111
powers of mining registrar, B96.11–12
transitional provisions, B96.14
Mining Amendment Bill 1996 (WA), B96.173–175
special prospecting licences, B96.174
State forest and timber reserves, B96.175
reform of registration system, B96.173–174
Mining Amendment Regulations 1995 (WA), B96.11–14
Mining and Minerals and Sustainable Environment and Development (MMSD project)
best practices for sustainable development, YB04.64, YB04.65
contemporary good governance ideas, YB04.65
final report, YB04.66
funding, YB04.64
improved regulatory reform, YB04.65
informed consent, YB04.65
initiation, YB04.64
integrated impact assessments, YB04.65
“social license to operate”, YB04.64
Mining applications
accompanying statement of work, J97.91
ballot, J97.90
challenging the warden’s discretion, J98.164-190
excess land, J97.144, J97.204
exploration licences, J97.89-91
general purpose lease, J97.204
mining lease, J97.124
miscellaneous licence, J97.205
objections, J97.258-257
power to refuse, J97.11
priority “at the same time”, J97.90
public interest, J97.254-257
standing, J97.256-257
mining claim
objection as improvements, J01.206-208
unauthorised mining, J01.221-222
Mining claims (Qld)
Land and Resources Tribunal constitution, J99.78-79
Mining company
aim of, YB95.1
Mining companies
approval process for new projects, YB00.230-233
legal approaches, YB00.232-233
consolidation, tax issues, YB00.476-481
due diligence, YB00.482-483
mergers and acquisitions, YB00.481-482
disclosure by, see Disclosure by companies
environmental codes of conduct, YB00.58-61
environmental harm by
compliance/enforcement distinction, YB00.227
foreign country, in, see Environmental harm in foreign
country
Great Southern energy case, YB00.225-226
prosecutions in Australia in last decade, YB00.223-224, YB00.235-245
prosecutorial risk, YB00.222-223
statutory penalties, YB00.222, YB00.224-225
Trade Practices Act breaches, YB00.224-225
environmental issues, response to, YB00.221-245
environmental management systems, YB00.225, YB00.226, 227
assessing adequacy, YB00.227-230
ISO 14001 standard, YB00.225, YB00.226
Fundraising, see Corporate fundraising
initial public offer, see Initial public offer (IPO)
international code of conduct for multinationals, YB00.35
national pollution inventory reports, YB00.59
native title agreements, see Native title agreements
prospectus, see Prospectus
tax reforms relevant to, see Taxation
Mining contract
administration, YB03.429–430
alliancing, YB03.416–417, YB03.440–442
best model, YB03.418
control, YB03.420–421
liability and, YB03.421–422
damages
limitation of, YB03.428
liquidated, YB03.428
dispute resolution, YB03.428
documentation, YB03.433, YB03.434
dynamic nature, YB03.432
essential elements, YB03.419–428
force majeure, YB03.425
form, YB03.415, YB03.439–440, YB03.444–445
framework, YB03.444
fundamental nature, YB03.419–420
good faith, obligation of, YB03.424
implementation, YB03.449
insurance, YB03.425–426
latent condition clause, YB03.446
measurement, YB03.422–423, YB03.446
mining schedules and programs, YB03.426
negotiation, YB03.429–430
operation of, YB03.431
owner operation and, YB03.414
partnering, YB03.415–416
practical examples, testing, YB03.429
pricing assumptions and representations, YB03.427
procedures and manuals, YB03.434
purpose, YB03.429
record keeping, YB03.433
remuneration, YB03.422
rise and fall, YB03.423, YB03.447
risk allocation, YB03.423, YB03.437–439, YB03.447–449
safety, YB03.427–428
sale of mine, YB03.425
specific contract, YB03.419
specification and scope of work, YB03.447
stand alone document, as, YB03.430
standard form contracts, YB03.418–419, YB03.445–446
systems, setting up, YB03.431
termination for convenience, YB03.424
traditional contract delivery, YB03.417–418
training, YB03.450
understanding, YB03.431
variations, YB03.426, YB03.432
Mining contracts
claims and disputes, latent conditions clauses
contract, under the, YB95.94–95
defences available to the principal, YB95.96–97
negligence, YB95.95
preliminary site investigations—see preliminary site investigations infra
scope to claim, YB95.93–94
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), s 52, misleading or deceptive conduct under, YB95.95–96
commencement of, YB95.99–100
costs
expense and loss, distinguished, YB95.112–114
prolongation costs, YB95.111–114
delays
contract period, commencement of, YB95.99–100
costs, YB95.111–114
Form AS2124-1992, clauses in, YB95.62–63
liquidated damages, YB95.102
penalties, YB95.102–107
practical completion, time of, YB95.100–102
extension of time
construction and mining industry, distinction between, YB95.127–128
Form AS2124-1992, clauses in, YB95.62–63
prevention or “Peak principle”, YB95.107, YB95.108
prolongation costs, YB95.111–114
variations, entitlement where, YB95.109–111
warranty, principal subject to, YB95.107–108
Form AS2124-1992, significant changes in, YB95.62–64
certification and payment, YB95.63–64
delays, YB95.62–63
extensions of time, YB95.62–63
security, YB95.62
variations, YB95.63
Form AS4300-1995, new directions taken in, YB95.64–69
design and construct conditions, YB95.64–65
R W Miller & Company Pty Ltd v Krupp (Australia) Pty Ltd, decision in, YB95.65–67
design, warranties relating to, YB95.68
extensions of time, YB95.69
legislative requirements
definition, YB95.68–69
satisfaction of, YB95.68–69
superintendent, role of—see superintendent infra
forms of contracts, influences on, YB95.61
insurance clauses, YB95.125
latent conditions clauses
claims in relation to—see claims and disputes supra
definition, YB95.91
delay caused by, YB95.92
elements of, YB95.91
notification of, YB95.92
time bars
interpretation, YB95.97–99
recovery claims, limitations where, YB95.92–93
mining development schedules, YB95.129–130
partnering—see Partnering
penalties, YB95.102–107
practical completion, time of, YB95.100–102
preliminary site investigations, claims in relation to
allocation of responsibility, YB95.88–89
assessment of ground conditions, uncertainty in, YB95.90
disclaimers, YB95.90
exclusions, YB95.90
geotechnical data, representation of, YB95.89–90
limitations of liability, YB95.90
qualifications of investigators, YB95.90
site, identification of, YB95.87–88
production, influence of cost of, YB95.123–124
risk allocation, YB95.128–129
safety clauses, YB95.122–123
superintendent
administrator, role as
delegation, YB95.78–79
supervision, YB95.76–78
contract, duty to the, YB95.75–76
fairness, duty of, YB95.70–73
Form AS4300, contractual role outlined in, YB95.67–68
immunity, YB95.73–74
mutuality, function to ensure, YB95.69–70
natural justice, professional responsibility of, YB95.74–75
use of, YB95.125–126
time bars
latent conditions clauses
interpretation, YB95.97–99
recovery claims, limitations where, YB95.92–93
partnering, where, YB95.119
variations, YB95.79–86
breach of contract, YB95.85
construction and mining industry, distinction between, YB95.127
estoppel, YB95.83–85
extension of time where, YB95.109–111
Form AS2124-1992, clauses in, YB95.63
implied promise to pay, YB95.81–82
power to direct, YB95.85–86
reasonableness, concept of, YB95.86
recovery in absence of written direction, YB95.81
separate contract, use of, YB95.82
waiver of writing requirement, YB95.82–83
Mining contractors
pre-qualification, YB03.449
role of, YB03.443–444
warranties as to skill and experience, YB03.446
Mining industry
community perceptions, YB96.447-448
Codes of Practice, YB96.461-462
importance of mine closure, YB96.465
position on conservation, YB96.205
position on multiple land use, YB96.205
unionisation, YB96.602-603
water trading markets
mining industry, NSW, YB01.499-500
recommendations for mining industry, YB01.500
transferable water entitlements, see Transferable water entitlements (TWEs)
water use, in WA, YB01.475-476
deficiencies in statutory framework, YB01.476-478
proclamation of groundwater areas, YB01.485
statutory licensing systems, YB01.476
Mining Industry Ombudsman
arguments for establishment of, YB00.61
Mining lease, see also Mining tenement
access, J04.19
access to
land, YB02.199
minerals, YB02.110, YB02.111
additional area, J01.224-225
alleged agreement to transfer, breach of (WA), J00.9-10
proprietary estoppel, J00.11
specific performance, J00.10, J00.11
application, J04.18, J04.19-20, J04.120, J04.224-225
restoration, for, J04.31-34
applications, J03.40-43
blockade of access to, J00.188-190
injunctions, J00.188-189
caveatable interest, J01.112
compensation agreements, J04. 121-122
compensation for loss or impairment of, J00.44-53
compensation, see compensation, YB02.199
disclosure on application, J01.113
environmental objections, J00.118-120, J01.26-28
equitable interest, J01.38-42, J01.112, J01.192
exclusive possession, whether, YB02.199
exemption application, J03.36-39, J03.135-137, J03.139-142
exemption from expenditure, J02.47-50, J02.51-53
expenditure, see Expenditure
expenditure conditions exemption, J01.25-26
extinguishment of native title, J00.91-92
forfeiture, J00.198-200, J02.47-50, J02.142-144, J03.137-138, J03.427-430
Corporations Law, J00.199-200
Creditors’ rights, J00.200
plaint for, J04.135-139, J04.142-43, J04.232-234
plaint for, withdrawal of, J04. 35-36
winding up, J00.198
grant of, YB02.151
holder of, rights of, YB02.110
improvements
definition, J00.191
discretion of court to determine, J00.192
inappropriate past performance, J03.406
interpretation of, YB02.110
invalidity, J01.111, J01.124-126, J01.191
jurisdiction of tribunal, J01.15-17
landholder, rights of, YB02.111
late objection, J01.15
legislation, YB02.111
lodging caveats over, J04.16-17
mineral development (Vic), J00.201-202
mineralisation, J01.225-227
native title
extinguishment of, YB02.110, YB02.190, YB02.191, YB02.194, YB02.198-202, YB02.241
inconsistent with, YB02.110-111
native title claims, see native title
no depth restriction, J02.12-15
no formal lease, J02.12-15
non-compliance with EPAct, J02.129-130
non-consent caveat, extension of, J00.106-107, J00.195-196
notice of application, J01.223
objections to grant, J00.118-120
objections, validity of, J03.12-14
past performance, J01.113-114
pastoral lease, on, where native title claim, J00.108, J00.261
property, as, J00.197
public interest objections, J00.118-120
renewal, J02.36-40
right to negotiate, YB02.245
transfer, J02.36-40
transfer of, J04.26-28
validity, J02.12-15
validity of, YB02.199-201
workmen's lien, J01.217
Mining leases, YB94.313
abuse of, B95.94
amendment of Mining Act (WA), J99.36
application for, YB95.15, YB95.17-18, YB96.214-215
application for exemptions, B94.156
application where no surface land is applied for, B96.169
assignment (Qld), J99.109-110
ballot used to determine priority of applications (WA), B96.110–111
caveats, YB04.252, YB04.254–5, YB04.257–8
certificates of application, B96.7–8
coal mining lease, ground subject of (WA), J99.120-121
compensation of land owner by lease holder, B95.106
compensation of occupier by lease holder, B95.180–181
conversion from exploration licence, B96.15–17, B96.111–112, YB96.212
conversion from prospecting permit, B96.165–167
costs of parties to an application, B96.124–125
defective marking-out, B96.123
definition of “holder”, B96.178
“environmental audit” with regard to any proposed plan, B95.166
forfeiture, B96.177–178
forfeiture of application for breach of requirements (WA), J99.121-122
grant, YB96.215-216
hearing of application by Warden, B94.64
interaction of Mining and Environment Protection Acts (WA), J99.19-20, J99.36-38, J99.39
invalid if containing more land than reasonably necessary for mining purposes, B95.93–94
Land and Resources Tribunal (Qld) constitution, J99.80-81
marking out of application (WA), J99.119-120
Minister’s public interest discretion, J99.32-24
native title, see Native Title
development application, suspension for four to six months, YB94.13
extinguishment by grant of (WA), YB94.48
non-extinguishment principle, YB94.12
North America, in—see Native title: the North American experience
renewal of, YB94.12
right to negotiate, effect of, YB94.13
right to negotiate system, YB95.445–449
s 29 notices, issuing of, YB95.450–451
non-compliance with expenditure conditions, B95.17–19, B95.107
notice of application, B94.62–63
notice of applications to landholders (NSW), J99.106
objections, B96.15–17
time limitations
Queensland, B96.3–8
Western Australia, B96.15–17
objections to grant of
environmental issues (WA), J99.15-20, J99.28-41, J99.214-217
ground subject of coal mining lease (WA), J99.120-121
improvements by landowner (NSW), J99.208-210
interference and adverse effect on viability, J99.120-121
late, power of Warden to consider (Qld), J99.267-273
public interest issues (WA), J99.15-20, J99.28-41, J99.214-217
right of objectors to be heard, J99.18-19
Warden’s power to consider (WA), J99.15-20, J99.28-41
objections to of environmental nature, B94.62
precludes application for mineral development licence, B96.169–170
Queensland, YB94.314
readvertisement of application (Qld), J99.268-269
“real estating” (making dormant asset), B95.92–94
reconciling mining and competing land uses, J99.34-36
rent increase averted on renewal of lease, B94.53
reporting requirements, YB96.217
required by refineries, B95.232–236
rights, YB96.216
rights of title under, B94.63
royalty agreements and
New South Wales, YB04.254–5
Queensland, YB04.252–3
Victoria, YB04.256
Western Australia, YB04.257–9
size and shape, YB96.216
South Australia, YB94.313
split commodity arrangement (WA), J99.115-118
term, YB96.216
what constitutes, YB94.313
Mining licences
licence area, exploration outside, YB03.592–593
Mining (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA)
compensation, B94.59
deadlock conference, B95.99
explorations licence
maximum term, B94.59
notice of grant to be published, B94.59
introduction to House of Assembly, B95.24
jurisdiction of Environment Resources and Development Court, B94.58
jurisdiction of Warden’s Court, B94.58
mining lease, B94.59
“native title”, B94.58
“owner”, B94.58
powers of Director of Mines, B94.59
precious stones claim, B94.59
publication of Bill, B94.146
retention lease, B94.59
“right to negotiate”, B94.60
right to prospect or mine, B94.60
summary of changes, B95.26–27
Mining operations
native title agreements, see Native title agreements
new technologies, YB00.343-344
intellectual property issues, YB00.342-358
objections, see Objections to natural resource projects
traditional methods, problems with, YB00.342-343
Mining (Precious Stones) Regulations 1996 (SA), B96.171
Mining project
feasibility study, YB03.145–149
Mining purposes lease, YB96.220
Mining Regulations 1930 (Tas)
amendment to rental fees, B95.101
Mining Regulations 1972 (SA)
fees amendment, commencement, B94.10
Mining Regulations 1974 (WA)
amendment by Mining (Amendment) Regulations 1994
affidavits in Warden’s Court, B94.114
amalgamation of mining tenements, B94.111
commencement, B94.110
cool-off period on surrender, forfeiture or expiry of mining lease, B94.114
fixed term prospecting licences, B94.111
powers of environmental inspectors, B94.110
retention licences, B94.111–112
secondary tenements, B94.111
special gold prospecting licences, B94.113
surrender of tenements subject to plaints of forfeiture, B94.114
surveys, B94.115
tailings, B94.114
amendment by Mining Amendment Regulations (No 2) 1994
commencement, B94.153
amendment by Mining Amendment Regulations (No 3) 1994
commencement, B94.154
Mining Regulations 1981 (WA)
amendment increasing fees, B95.241
extent, B96.14
security, B96.13
Mining Regulations 1996 (SA), B96.171
Mining reports, need for in Queensland, B96.8
Mining taxation
abandonment, YB94.262
absorption costing, YB94.526
Australian Taxation Office, approach of, YB94.525
bona fide prospectors, exemption of income of, YB94.527, YB94.539
capital expenditure not deductible, YB94.520, YB94.530
capital gains tax uncertainties, YB94.512, YB94.538
compensation payments to landowners, YB94.524
demolition expenditure, YB94.521, YB94.530
development allowance, YB94.259
disposals of property, YB94.260, YB94.508
Draft Taxation Determinations
TD 94/D7, YB94.526, YB94.533
TD 94/95, YB94.527
TR 93/D11, YB94.526
elections to claim deductions, YB94.527
equality, certainty and simplicity as principles of, YB94.502
farm-outs, treatment of, YB94.518
historical background, YB94.502
infrastructure bonds, tax concessions for, YB94.258
Mabo compensation, YB94.524
mining information, disposal of, YB94.508, YB94.535
mining tenement, problems arising on disposal of, YB94.506
overburden removal in open-cut mining, YB94.526, YB94.533
regional headquarters of foreign company, attraction of, YB94.257
rehabilitation expenditure, YB94.262
resource rent tax, YB94.261
self-assessment system, YB94.504
stamp duty, YB94.536
Taxation Ruling TR 92/19, YB94.527, YB94.539
upgrading public access roads, YB94.523
Mining tenement, see also Mining lease
access to minerals, YB02.110
aerial exploration, for, YB94.316
aggregation of expenditure within project, J00.73-74, J00.75-76, J00.80
applications
ballots, B96.13, B96.110–111
powers of mining registrar, B96.11–12
authorisation to mine Native Title land (SA), B95.27–28
boundaries, marking out, J00.230-231
compliance with legislative requirements, J00.231-232
common law test, J00.233-234
degree of, J00.235
failure, potential consequences of, J00.236, J00.242-243
substantial compliance (Qld), J00.237-240, J00.243
identification by a “reasonable person”, J00.244
Mineral Resources Act (Qld), s 392, J00.237-246
permit, J00.236
strict compliance versus substantial compliance, J00.240-242
technical breaches, J00.232
constructive trust, J00.115-118
equitable interests in, J00.115-118
exemption from expenditure commitments, B96.113–115
exemption from expenditure requirements, J00.70-81
expenditure, see Expenditure
extinguishment of native title, J00.91-92
four broad categories of, YB94.313
grant of, validity of, YB02.111
implied trust, J00.115-118
Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA), J00.264
lease—see Mining leases
licence, YB94.315
mining legislation, rights conferred by, YB94.320
nature of, YB94.313, YB94.348–357, YB94.383
objections to, grounds of
forum for consideration of, YB94.616
French, Re; Ex parte Serpentine-Jarrahdale Ratepayers and Residents Association—see French, Re; Ex parte Serpentine-Jarrahdale Ratepayers and Residents Association
traditional usage, YB94.47
petroleum exploration
offshore, YB94.317
onshore, YB94.318
powers of mining registrar, B96.11–12
profits a prendre, YB94.315
project, whether part of, J00.70, J00.74-75, J00.76-77
public interest, power of Minister to review applications, YB94.611
rights of traditional usage, objection on ground of (WA), YB94.47
special procedure for hearing, YB94.47
resulting trust, J00.115-118
scope of rights, YB94.316, YB94.358–362
stamp duty, inclusion in land value for purposes of, J00.105-106
subsurface activities, YB94.323
summary refusal of application—see Mining Act 1978 (WA)
surface activities, YB94.316
trust, held in, J00.115-118
vendors’ statements, disclosure in (Vic), J00.112
Mining valuation
techniques, J99.95-96
Valmin Code, J99.96
Ministerial Council on Energy (MCE)
access, development of national approach to, YB04.417
energy market reform, report on, YB04.415–16
recommendations, YB04.416
establishment, YB04.388
joint marketing approach, YB04.417
proposed establishment, YB01.305
role of, YB04.369–70, YB04.388–9
future agenda, YB04.417
ministerial decision-making
bias, J03.93-97
Mirima National Park
native title issues, J00.88, J00.90
Miscellaneous licence
considerations in determining applications, B95.181–183
environmental objections, J01.241-243
grant of over existing tenement, B94.13
improvement, J01.243-244
water, J01.247-248, J01.249-250, J01.250-253
Misfeasance
public office, in, YB02.424-428
damages for, YB02.421, YB02.444
elements of, YB02.428
Misfeasance in public office
regulators’ liability, YB01.229
Misleading and/or deceptive conduct
carrying on a business, YB02.439
causation, YB99.311-314, YB04.150-2
corporations, by, YB02.451
damages for, YB02.421, YB02.438
exclusion of claims, in joint venture context, YB04.144–7
expectation losses, YB04.152–4
innocent third party carrier, YB99.307
liability for, YB02.438
loss or damage caused by, YB99.314
prohibition of, YB02.451
public bodies, by, YB02.421, YB02.437-440
reliance on representations, YB99.311-314
representative proceedings against utilities, YB99.296
Esso (gas), YB99.303-309
Sydney Water, YB99.300-302
silence, by, YB99.307
statutory liability
Esso (gas), YB99.303-309
Mercury Energy (NZ), YB99.316-317
Sydney Water, YB99.300-302
trade or commerce, in, YB02.438
vendor, by, in sale of coal assets, YB01.130
Misrepresentation—see Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)
coal supply contract, J01.78-81
fraudulent, liability for, YB02.452
reliance on, YB02.452
Mobil
msf packages, YB96.358-360, YB96.367
purchase of Amgas, YB96.355-357
Money laundering
guidelines on prevention of, YB04.52
Monopoly
gas transmission, YB02.293-294
service providers, YB02.407
Monopolies
access arrangements, see Access
energy market regulation, YB04.358
facilities of national significance, YB04.181–2
natural, YB04.182
Trade Practices legislation, YB04.181, YB04.183–4
reforms, YB04.182
Moomba-Adelaide Gas Pipeline System (MAPS)
access arrangement, review of, YB04.396–8
Moomba-Sydney Gas Pipeline System
coverage, YB04.390–2
credit rating, YB04.402–3
initial capital base, YB04.400–1
optimised replacement cost (ORC), YB04.400
contingency, YB04.402
Moomba-Sydney gasline, disposal of
access regime, YB95.339—see also Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth)
definition, YB95.338
Pipelines Act 1967 (NSW), under, YB95.338
negotiation model, implementation of, YB95.374
Australian Gas Light Company (AGL), Letter of Agreement, YB95.329–330
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), in relation to, YB95.334–338
Authorisation A90424, YB95.348-349
Trade Practices Commission, review by, YB95.336–338
declaration and orders of court, B95.59
effect of change in government policy on contract, B95.41–42
foreign ownership, YB94.232
historical background, YB95.328–332
original contractual arrangements, B95.42–58
Pipeline Authority, establishment of, YB95.330
privatisation of, YB94.232
sale of, YB95.332–334—see also Moomba- Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth)
Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth)
access regime
dispute
parties to, YB95.344
Trade Practices Commission, settlement by, YB95.344–346
Pt IIIA scheme, similarity to regime under, YB95.385–388
capacity, increasing, YB95.341–342
financial issues in relation to, YB95.341–342
interconnection, YB95.340–341
United States, cases in, YB95.340
national competition policy, effect, YB95.346–347
spare capacity, definition, YB95.339
tariffs, setting of, YB95.342–344
third party access, scheme for determination of, YB95.339
Mortgagee
power of sale, exercise of, YB03.94
royalty agreements, YB93.254
Mortgage duty, YB02.686-687
Mortgages
offshore units, J99.23
Moura inquiry, B96.93–99
coronial report, B96.97
government response, B96.125
mine-safety management plans, B96.95
spontaneous combustion management, B96.95
Mt Lyell
award of copper mining licence, B94.109
revegetation, B94.9
MRET Scheme (RECS), see Renewable energy
Multilateral treaties
compromise formulas, YB04.75
free trade agreements, see Free trade agreements
loss of relevance, YB04.55
Multinational companies
attitudes towards, YB04.56
international standards, role in, YB04.56–7
license to operate, YB04.56–7
NGOs, alliance with, YB04.57
OECD guidelines, YB04.52, YB04.77
transparency and disclosure, YB04.52
Multi site franchising, see Downstream petroleum industry
Multi-user services corridor, YB03.129–130
Mutual interest provisions, YB93.221–242
drafting, YB93.240–241
effect of provision, YB93.229–231
enforcement, YB93.231–236
contractual requirements, YB93.232–233
obligations, YB93.231–232
remedies, YB93.236, YB93.241
restraint of alienation, YB93.233
restraint of trade, YB93.233–236, YB93.240
fiduciary duties, YB93.236–240
purpose, YB93.222–223
scope, YB93.223
acquisitions by related parties, YB93.228–229, YB93.240
dimensions of area, YB93.223–226, YB93.240
period, YB93.228, YB93.240
types of property interest, YB93.227–228, YB93.241
Consolidated Index: N
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Nation states
dilution of sovereignty, YB04.55
less monolithic nature of, YB04.54
subnational actors, YB04.54–5
National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders’ Land Fund, YB94.10, YB94.49
National access regime
Access Code for Natural Gas Pipeline Systems, J99.93
certification, J99.146-147
declaration criteria, J99.147-151
certified access regime, J99.129, J99.147-151
Competition Principles Agreement (CPA), J99.129, J99.146, J99.147
declaration of services
applications, J99.129, J99.130-137
criteria, J99.137-146
good faith in application, J99.136-137
“service”, definition of, J99.132-136, J99.169-173
gas pipelines access, J99.93, J99.196
gas transmission, see Gas transmission
national competition policy and, J99.127-153
NCC role, J99.130
Pt IIIA Trade Practices Act, J99.128-153
production process, J99.170-171
rail services, J99.146-147, see also Rail line access
certification declaration criteria, J99.147-151
declaration applications, J99.131-136
declaration criteria, J99.138-146
review of, YB02.317-318
undertakings, J99.129
National Competition Council (NCC)
access regime and, J99.127-153
aim, J99.127
establishment of, YB95.254
outline, J99.127-128
National competition policy, YB95.354–356
access to essential facilities and natural development, B96.75–84
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), establishment of, YB95.254
Competition Policy Reform Bill 1995 (Cth), introduction of, YB95.254
Competition Principles Agreement—see Competition Principles Agreement
gas industry, in relation to, YB95.355–356
Hilmer Report, YB95.354–355
Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth), effect, YB95.346–347
national access regime, YB95.254
Competition Principles Agreement—see Competition Principles Agreement
Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline Scheme, distinguished, YB95.373–385
essential services, declaration of, YB95.374–376
Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement, comparison with, YB95.389–391
Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth), similarity to regime under, YB95.385–388
National Competition Council, establishment of, YB95.254
third-party access regimes, B96.62–74
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), Pt IIIA, implementation of—see national access regime supra
National Electricity Code
administration, YB03.272
amendments, YB02.272
chapters, YB03.271
enforcement of, YB02.263
establishment of, YB02.263
industry access code, YB02.263
objectives, YB02.258
procedures, YB02.263
regulation of interconnectors, YB02.270
summary, YB02.263-264
National Electricity Law, YB03.271
National Electricity Market (NEM), see also Electricity market
ACCC, role of, YB96.39-40, YB96.44, YB96.48-49
ACT, YB96.47
ASC, role of, YB96.40
background, YB03.271
beginnings of, YB96.26-27
benefits, YB96.54
bilateral contracts, YB96.20
commencement of, YB02.259, YB03.271
Commonwealth payments to States, YB96.50
Competition reforms, YB96.50
Constitution, YB96.48
delays, YB96.26
demand, YB02.259-260
development of, YB02.289
dispatch process, YB02.259
dual ownership situation, YB01.187
establishment of, YB01.179, YB01.181
expansion of, YB02.258
improvement proposals, YB02.284-285
interconnectors see Electricity interconnectors
guidelines for contracts, YB96.22-23
Hilmer Report, YB96.26
implementation, YB96.27, YB96.30-31
inter regional trading, YB96.16-17
initial legislation, YB96.39
ISDA/AFMA Pt 19A, YB96.22-23
jurisdiction, YB02.258, YB02.259
jurisdictions participating in, YB01.181
key structural features, YB03.272
market regulation, YB96.35
National Electricity Code (NEC), YB96.32, YB96.34-35, YB96.38, YB01.181
distribution pricing rules in, YB01.189
National Electricity Law, YB96.38, YB96.39
National Electricity Market Management Company (NEMMCO), YB96.27, YB96.32, YB96.40-41, YB01.181
objectives, YB96.42-43, YB96.51-53
operation of markets, YB96.11-16
payments to, YB96.18-19
reallocation, YB96.17-18
National Electricity Tribunal, YB96.42
national grid, operation of, YB02.259
NECA, YB96.27, YB96.32, YB96.40-42, YB96.51-53
network augmentations, YB02.272-274
classification of, YB02.272-273
determination, YB02.274
notices, YB02.273-274
NGMC, YB96.26, YB96.49
notional electricity pool, YB02.259-260
operation of, YB02.260
NSW, YB96.46
objectives, YB96.33, YB96.38
participation, YB96.34, YB02.258, YB02.259, YB02.261
policy issues, YB96.51-53
pricing, YB96.16-17
Qld, YB96.47
reallocation, YB96.17-18
recent developments, YB96.22-28
reform, YB02.290
reform process, as part of, YB01.181
regions, YB02.260-261, YB02.282
approval of, YB02.260
determination of, YB02.260
regulation, YB96.36, YB96.53, YB03.271
regulators, recent criticism of, YB01.189
regulatory regime, YB02.258, YB02.262-266, YB02.318
code, see National Electricity Code
legislation agreement, YB02.267
national, YB02.262-263, YB02.282
National Electricity Code, see National Electricity
Code
national regulatory and administrative bodies, YB02.264, YB02.265
state-based, YB02.265-266
relationships between players, YB96.37
SA, YB96.46-47
sale options, YB03.274
security of supply
capacity to maintain, YB01.188
improvements in, YB01.184
short term forward market, YB96.15-16
spot market, YB96.11-15, YB02.259
setting of prices, YB02.260, YB02.261
spot price, YB02.259-260
State and Territory differences, YB01.181, YB01.186
States, role of, YB96.27
supply, YB02.259-260
swap or two way hedge contracts, YB96.21-22
swaptions, YB96.22
system operator, YB02.259
timetable for implementation, YB96.30-31
Trade Practices Act, YB96.48, YB96.49
trading, YB96.34, YB02.258, YB02.259
transition to, YB96.44
types of transactions, YB96.10
uncertainty, YB02.282-284
unknown factors, YB96.53-54
vesting contracts, YB96.20-21
Victoria, YB96.45-46
wholesale
electricity trading, YB02.259
market, YB02.259
purchasers, YB02.259
National energy strategy
development of, YB01.305, YB01.306-307
National Environment Protection Authority (NEPA), YB93.416–418—see also Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment
National greenhouse strategy
implications for energy, J97.126-133
National interest
foreign investment applications
ground for rejecting, as, YB01.9
Shell/Woodside decision, YB01.11-14, YB01.137
what constitutes, YB01.10-11
National jurisdiction
continental margin, B95.2
delimitation of, B95.3
EEZ, B95.2
seabed, B95.1
National Mining Code, see also State Mining Codes
benefits of State based system, YB96.185, YB96.190, YB96.193
Canadian position, YB96.169-170
commonality between States, YB96.190
Commonwealth acquisition of State land, YB96.180-181
convenience, YB96.188
cooperative versus centralist, YB96.182
difficulties, YB96.188-189
diversity of existing law, YB96.183
existing federal legislation, YB96.170-176
external affairs power, YB96.180
leases, YB96.186-188
need for, YB96.165-166
ownership of minerals, YB96.180
problems, YB96.192
pros and cons, YB96.181-185
reasons for different Codes, YB96.190-192
royalties, YB96.194
single mineral tenement, YB96.195
support from mining industry, YB96.182
title to minerals, YB96.185-186
trade and commerce power, YB96.177
“trading” laws
US position, YB96.168-169
Whitlam government, YB96.183
National Native Title Register
prescribed body corporate, registration of, YB02.112
National Native Title Tribunal, YB94.3
administrative process
Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, proposed amendments in response to decision in, YB95.472
flow chart, YB95.473
anthropological research, YB95.431
applications, YB95.429
acceptance of, YB95.432–435
challenges to, YB95.435
assistance with, YB95.461–463
claimant, YB95.429, YB95.437
“interest”, definition, YB95.436
non-claimant, YB95.429, YB95.437
adjournment, optional procedures for, YB95.479
notification of, YB95.435–437
parties to, YB95.436–437
received in first nineteen months, YB95.449–450
s 29 notices, in relation to, YB95.451–452
refusal of, YB95.433–434
appeals in relation to, YB95.434–435
unopposed, determination where, YB95.437–438
arbitration by, YB02.122
case manager, function of, YB95.43
community liaison, YB95.431–432
criticisms of, YB94.31
decisions, binding effect of, YB02.185-186
determinations
agreements in relation to, YB95.453-454, YB95.472
Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, decision in
role of Tribunal, effect on, YB95.504
proposed amendments in response to, YB95.472
registration of, YB95.439–441
establishment of, YB95.429, YB95.431-432
expedited procedure process, B96.85–87
expenditure, YB95.432
Federal Court
appeals on points of law to, YB94.8, YB94.78
decrees registered in, YB94.8, YB94.78
determinations, registration of, YB95.439–441
refusal of applications, appeals in relation to, YB95.434–435
future of, YB95.504–506
grant of mining rights on native title land
arbitration on, YB00.537
conditions, imposition of, YB00.537, YB00.540
indigenous land use agreements, YB95.457–460
inquiry, provision for, YB95.438–439
jurisdiction, YB94.8
legal research, YB95.432
location, YB95.432
mediation by, YB02.119
mediation process
clarification of concepts, YB95.455–456
conferences, provision for, YB95.438, YB95.454-455
geographical distances, strategies for managing, YB95.457
imbalance of power between parties, addressing, YB95.456–457
interests and objectives of applicants, identification of, YB95.455
pre-existing conflicts between parties, resolution of, YB95.456
membership, YB94.8, YB95.429-430, YB95.464
Mission Statement, YB95.430–431
National Native Title Register, YB95.430
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)—see Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)
native title claims
arbitration of, YB02.122
mediation of, YB02.119
referral of, YB02.119
Native Title Registrar, functions of, YB95.430
objectives, YB95.429–430
powers, YB00.71
powers, constitutional validity of, YB94.77
pseudo-litigation, YB94.31
recent decisions, YB96.74-75
recommendations for changes to, YB95.504–506
Register of Native Claims, YB95.430
right to negotiate procedures, YB96.65, YB96.72
role in right to negotiate cases, YB96.86
workload, YB95.449–453
National Parks
mining, J02.36- 40
native title, J02.195, J02.282-293
National Privacy Principles
application of, YB02.508
collection of information, YB02.502, YB02.503
consent for, YB02.503
compliance, YB02.502
personal information
collection of, YB02.502, YB02.503
handling of, YB02.501, YB02.502
minimum handling standards, YB02.501, YB02.502
regulation of, YB02.502
use of, YB02.502, YB02.503
National Third Party Access Code for National Gas Pipeline Systems, YB02.296
Native Title—see also Aboriginal cultural heritage; Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA); Mabo; Mining Act 1980 (NT); Mining (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA), Wik people’s claim
aboriginal representative bodies, YB96.116-117
abandonment, J01.82-86
aboriginal rights, see Aboriginal rights
access agreement, J02.23-25, J02.299-301
access rights, YB02.169, YB02.170, YB02.193, YB02.199, YB02.242
statutory, YB02.116
Act Interpretation (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA), B94.146
acquiescence, YB02.128
administrative system for, YB94.31
agreements
access, J04.225-226
pro forma, J04.81-89
right to negotiate, J04. 81-89
agreements, see Native title agreements, YB02.128, YB02.245
enforcement of, YB02.245
regulation of, YB02.245
validity of, YB02.245
agreements between mining companies and Aboriginals, J97.198, J97.200
difficulties, YB96.95
agricultural and cultivation leases, YB04.516–17
airspace, right to, YB02.120
alienability of land subject to, YB94.35
alternative procedures, YB02.246-247
alternative schemes (Qld), J00.275-276, J00.277-278
federal endorsement, J00.276
alternative state procedures inoperative, J02.98-103
applications, see also National Native Title Tribunal, YB02.118
compensation, YB94.7
existence or non-existence, to determine, YB94.7
group, YB02.118
individual, YB02.118
non-claimant, YB02.120
revision of title determination, YB94.7
arbitration, see National Native Title Tribunal
at common law, B94.125, B94.164
audit, YB04.513–14
Australia
implications of North American experience for, YB94.127, YB94.128
objective, identification of, YB94.134
background of, YB02.96-102
Bass Strait claim, B96.102
biological descent requirement, J00.84
book review, J00.100-102
Broome region claims, B96.190–193
Canada, J01.291-299
Canadian experience, YB96.89, YB96.91-94, YB96.104-106
Cape York Land Council, response to proposed changes—see Cape York Land Council
case law, YB02.134-189
ceremonial purposes, for, YB02.136
certainty, YB02.245-246, YB02.250, YB02.251, YB02.254
charitable trust for proceeds from claim, B96.190–193
claim process in Wand report, J02.59-61
claimants
burden of proof, YB94.19
group, YB02.118, YB02.144, YB02.160, YB02.171-172, YB02.181
identification of, YB94.11, YB94.21, YB94.55
individual, YB02.118
prescribed body corporate, YB02.118
registered, YB02.182, YB02.185-186
specific tract of land, identification with, YB94.21
statutory rights of, YB02.182
claims, YB02.109, J04.17
funding of, YB02.129
Native Title Act, under, see Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)
referral of, YB02.119
strike out, YB02.207
test of, YB02.111
withdrawal of, YB02.207
Coalition response, B96.155–160
co-existence, YB02.95, YB02.109, YB02.112, YB02.119, YB02.126-128
legal relationship, YB02.110
commencement of, YB02.125
commercial implications, J98.77-78
commercial rights, J01.306-311
common law, at, YB02.95-100, YB02.102, YB02.104, YB02.109, YB02.111, YB02.112, YB02.132, YB02.155, YB02.156, YB02.158, YB02.240, YB02.250, YB02.252
concessions to, YB02.129
confirmation of, YB02.117
extinguishment of, YB02.174-175
Commonwealth, role of, YB96.85
“community life”, B96.175–176
compensation, see also Compensation, J01.286-305, J02.243
compensation applications, YB94.7
compensation assessment, B96.48–53
compensation for loss or impairment of, J00.44-53
agreement-based compensation, J00.44, J00.46-49
commercial payments distinguished, J00.44-46
different dimensions of native title, J00.50-52
legislative frameworks, J00.45
value of act’s effect on native title, J00.49
compensation for loss or impairment of rights, J99.253-266
future acts, provisions for, J99.255
intellectual property, J99.259
just terms, calculating, J99.255-257, J99.264-265
Native Title Act provisions, J99.253-255
personal injury and damages, J99.259-260
property law principles, J99.257-259
property valuation methodologies, J99.260-265
similar compensable interest test, J99.265-266
concept of, YB02.192-194
conditions attaching to future acts, J98.200-202
confirming extinguishment, J01.198-202
connection, YB02.158, YB02.160, YB02.171, YB02.193, YB02.196-196
loss of, YB02.135
connection, maintenance of, J04.28-30
connection, proof of, J00.83-84, J00.95
connection to particular piece of land, YB94.35
consent agreements, J03.421-422
consent determination of rights, J00.259-260
consent determinations, see Consent determinations
constitutional validity of Commonwealth Act, B95.109–110, J98.216-227, J98.283
content, J00.84-85, J02.189, J02.219-220, J02.225-235
content of, J98.43-56, J98.415-416
content of rights, J03.57-459
context of, YB02.192-194
continuing connection, J03.22-25, J03.99-107, J03.457
continuity, YB02.132, YB02.158, YB02.160, YB02.193, YB02.195-196
abandonment of, YB02.132, YB02.153
loss of, YB02.132, YB02.135
proof of, YB02.124-125
requirement of, YB02.109, YB02.124-125
creation of, YB02.116
Crescent Head agreement, B96.194–201
Croker Island appeals, J00.13-20
Crown, meaning of, YB94.32
cultural knowledge, protection of, J00.85
cultural title, B94.102–103
current position, YB96.113-114
customs, see Aboriginal customs
Daniel v Western Australia, YB04.517–19, YB04.524–5, J03.453-467
deemed consent, J01.5
defined in Native Title Act (Cth), B94.16
definition of, YB02.116, YB02.193
determination, YB96.58, J98.18-19, J98.200-202, J98.413-420
determination, claim for, J00.108
Limitation Act, application, J00.95
privilege of spiritual material, J00.134-136
determination of, J04.90-97
determinations, YB02.112, YB02.116, YB02.135, YB02.142-172, YB02.176-178, YB02.180-181, YB02.191-192, YB02.195-198, YB02.234-289
consent, see Consent determinations
credibility process, YB02.250
Federal Court of Australia, see Federal Court of Australia
jurisdiction for, YB02.119, YB02.182, YB02.183
National Native Title Tribunal, see National Native Title Tribunal
Native Title Act, under, see Native Title Act
procedures, YB02.118-119
process, YB02.208, YB02.247-248, YB02.250
development of law in Australia, J99.197-198
disclosures by mining companies, YB00.515
effect of roads on title (Qld)
definition of road, B95.30–31
extinguishment by road, B95.33–35
extinguishment generally, B95.31–32
validation of discriminatory extinguishment, B95.35–40
enforcement of rights by legal proceedings, YB94.36
Environment, Resources and Development Court (Native Title) Amendment Bill 1994 (SA), B94.146
environmental protection, YB02.154
establishment of, YB02.156-157, YB02.182, YB02.197
evidence
access to, YB94.22
cross-examination, YB94.23
entitlement of forbears, B95.11–12
expert, YB94.22
lay or traditional, YB94.22
required to establish, B94.15
requirements of proof summarised, B95.11
sufficient for recognition of title, B95.10–12
evidence of continuing traditional connection to land, J99.8-11
exclusive possession, YB.02.108, YB02.117, YB02.125-126, YB02.134-136, YB02.149, YB02.150, YB02.152, YB02.153, YB02.158-160, YB02.164-169, YB02.188
ceremonial purposes, for, YB02.136
exclusions, YB02.136
exclusive rights, J01.306-311
existence of, YB02.125, YB02.243
expedited procedure applied to exploration licences, B96.175, J98.331, J02.124-125
expert evidence, YB94.22, YB94.25
exploration protocol, J02.44
extinguishment, see also Extinguishment of native title, YB94.5, YB94.37, YB96.85, B95.7, J99.8, B96.52–53, J97.29-31, J97.35, J97.43, J97.57-60, J98.18-19, J98.228-241, J98.248-250, J98.416-420, J03.401-403, J03.459-460, J04.20-21
general principles, B95.216–217
non-extinguishment, J04.278-281
Supreme Court jurisdiction to declare, J99.11-12
extinguishment by pastoral lease, B95.89–92, B96.1–2, B96.15, B96.91
extinguishment of, YB02.107-111, YB02.117, YB02.126, YB02.132, YB02.134-135, YB02.144-150, YB02.152, YB02.155, YB02.158, YB02.159, YB02.161-167, YB02.169, YB02.171, YB02.172, YB02.176-178, YB02.188-191, YB02.194-197, YB02.201-206, YB02.241, YB02.242, J02.190, J02.255-267
absolute, YB02.117
agreement, by, YB02.207
common law, at, YB02.174-175
compensation, YB02.108, YB02.111, YB02.117, YB02.121
compulsory acquisition, YB02.121
effect of, YB02.108
grants, by, YB02.194, YB02.202-203
inconsistencies, for, YB02.117, YB02.201-202
leases, by, YB02.194, YB02.198, YB02.207, see also Mining lease; Pastoral lease
legislation, by, YB02.195-197
limitation of, YB02.111
major project, by, YB02.205
mineral and petroleum rights, for, YB02.110, YB02.195-197, YB02.205
mining lease, by, see Mining lease
partial, YB02.174, YB02.190, YB02.194, YB02.241
pastoral lease, by, see Pastoral lease
power of, YB02.108
prevention of, YB02.116
proof of, YB02.144-145, YB02.147
reserves, by, YB02.203-205
test for, YB02.194
transparency process, YB02.250
extinguishment, statutory, YB04.482–3, YB04.513–14
prior land titles, YB04.512
fairness, YB02.247
fauna, YB02.126, YB02.161, YB02.176
Federal Court
refusal of applications, appeals in relation to, YB95.434–435
determinations, registration of, YB95.439–441
fiduciary duty, J97.37
financiers, J97.63-64
fishing, J00.14, J00.15, J00.16, J00.85
fishing rights, YB02.117, YB02.120
fossicking, J01.4
freehold equivalent, J00.84
future acts, protection of rights under, YB95.441–445, J98.332
future acts, see Future act regime; Native Title
Act 1993 (Cth)
future directions, YB02.255-256
gas pipelines, implications for, YB95.239
extinguishment of title, YB95.273–274
new projects, YB95.275–276
old pipeline corridors, YB95.274–275
governments, J97.62-63
grant of, YB02.117, YB02.132
effect of, YB02.147
grants of freehold, YB96.58
guidelines from Coe v Commonwealth, B94.167–168
Gurubana-Gunggandji Peoples Native Title Determination Application, YB04.515–16
harm, irreparable, YB97.480
Hayes v Northern Territory, YB04.516–17
heritage, protection of YB02.154, YB02.193
holder, YB02.110, YB02.112, YB02.132
common law, at, YB02.112
conglomerate of members, YB02.112
Hopevale agreement, J97.198
hunting rights, YB02.126, YB02.161, YB02.176
impairment of, YB02.175
inconsistency of rights, YB02.194-195, YB02.198
indefeasibility provisions, YB04.517, YB04.518
Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA), J00.263-265
indigenous land use agreements, J99.255, J98.300-310, J01.197-198
infrastructure facilities, J98.338-339
injunctive relief, YB97.476-484
“interest”, definition, YB95.436
interlocutory injunction, YB02.183-184, YB02.187
intermediate period acts, J01.202-203
international treaties, YB96.105
invalidity of existing titles, YB04.514–15, YB04.522–3
case law, YB04.515–19
“curing” invalidity, YB04.521–2
procedural invalidity conclusions, YB04.519–21
tables, YB04.524–5
issues in native title cases, YB94.20
issues, resolution of, YB02.123
joinder of party, J02.118-119
Kalkadoon case—see Kalkadoon People v North Queensland Electricity Commission
land
acquisition of, YB02.98, YB02.121
compulsory acquisition, YB02.121
exclusive rights, YB02.108
occupation of, YB02.108, 111
possession of, YB02.171
Land Acquisition (Native Title) Bill 1994 (SA), B94.146
Land Resources Tribunal (Qld) jurisdiction, J99.71, J99.72
law, generally, J04.112-117
legal protection of, YB94.35
legislation, YB02.95, YB02.132
agreements, YB02.245
discrimination, YB02.132
effectiveness of, YB02.243
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), see Native Title Act
1993 (Cth)
purpose of, YB02.243
regulation of conduct, YB02.161
statutory code, YB02.122-123
licence, J04.238-239
litigation of, see Federal Court of Australia; National Native Title Tribunal
loss of, YB04.482
loss of connection, J01.82-86
low impact exploration licence, J01.5-7
Mabo, see Mabo, effect of, J99.253
Mabo v Queensland (No 2), YB97.385 387
McArthur River Project Agreement Ratification Amendment Act 1993 (NT), B94.40
meaning of, YB94.3, YB96.109
mediation, see National Native Title Tribunal, J98.322-339
mineral rights, see Minerals and petroleum
minerals, J00.14-17, J00.82, J00.84, J00.90, J00.192, J02.189, J02.194, J02.196, J02.210, J02.215, J02.218, J02.233-234, J02.236-243, J02.297, J03.461-464
Mines and Energy South Australia “Guidelines for Exploration on Native Title Land”, B96.172
mining and petroleum tenements, J97.41, J97.48
mining lease application, J98.93-95
mining lease, see Mining lease
mining leases, J02.194-195, J02.211, J02.236, J02.243, J02.296
model access agreement, J97.200
national park, J02.195, J02.282-293
national park, Keep River, J00.87
Native Title Act, YB04.481
Native Title Amendment Bill, YB97.406-432
extinguishment, YB97.410-413
compensation for, YB97.412
complete by exclusive possession, YB97.410
compulsory acquisition, YB97.412
partial by inconsistent rights, YB97.411
future acts, YB97.413-419
classes of valid, YB97.413
determinations, criteria for, YB97.430
exercise of options, YB97.418
freehold test, acts passing, YB97.419
indigenous land use agreements, YB97.414
alternative procedure agreements, YB97.417
area agreements, YB97.416
body corporate agreements, YB97.415
procedures indicate absence of native title, YB97.417
right to negotiate, YB97.419-431
exclusions, YB97.420
exploration, right to, YB97.425
single right, YB97.427
good faith, negotiation in, YB97.428
intervention, ministerial, YB97.429
mining
single right, YB97.427
small-scale acts, approved, YB97.428
parallel processing, YB97.428
pastoral leases, YB97.421
project acts, YB97.428
public reserves, YB97.421
registration test, YB97.422
merits of claim, YB97.423
procedural conditions, YB97.424
timing, YB97.429
transitional provisions, YB97.431
validation of existing titles, YB97.408-410
intermediate period acts, YB97.409
Native Titles Bill 1993 (NSW), B94.40
Native Title Tribunal
summary of decisions, B95.167–170, B95.245–249
nature and extent, determination of, YB94.21
nature of, YB02.192-194
negotiated settlement, J00.259-260
benefits of, J00.266-267
negotiation, see Right to negotiate regime
negotiations in good faith, J99.112-113, J99.153-166
New South Wales amendments, J98.349-351
non-exclusive possession, YB02.117, YB02.135
North America, in—see Native title: the North American experience
Northern Territory amendments, J98.362-364
Northern Territory of Australia v Lane (the Miriuwong Gajerrong case), YB96.67-72
North Ganalarja Aboriginal Corp v State of Queensland (Waanyi), YB96.57-58, YB96.68, YB96.73
not extinguished by statutory grants to Aborigines, B94.137
notice, J03.393-394
notice requirements, J01.101, J01.223, J01.227-230
occupation, YB02.154
offshore, J98.311-321
offshore waters, J00.13-20
Ord River Project, J00.89-90
origins, YB96.87-89
over Crown land, YB96.60
overlapping claims, J98.281, J98.367
past acts, J98.93-95, J04.55-62
pastoral leases, B94.125, B95.89–92, B95.221–224, B96.1–2, B96.15, B96.91, B96.162–163, J97.29-34, J97.36, J97.39, J97.189, J00.86-87, 89-90, J00.190-191, J00.261, J00.262-263, J02.192, J02.265, J02.268-275, J02.295, J04.55-62
access protocols, J00.265
exploration titles (NT), B96.109
mining leases on, J00.108, J00.261
non-exclusive lease, grant of, J04.55-62
Northern Territory, B96.108–109
production tenements (NT), B96.109
Waanyi Peoples’ Native Title Application—see Waanyi Peoples’ Native Title Application
Western Lands Lease, J00.190-191
Wik Peoples v the State of Queensland and Ors—see Wik Peoples v the State of Queensland
permit to enter, J03.422-424
permit to mark out, J02.57-58
permit to occupy, J00.87
petroleum exploration, YB96.295-296
petroleum exploration licence agreements, J02.33-35
petroleum rights see Minerals and petroleum
pipelines, J97.23
possessory title, distinguished, YB95.502–504
powerlines, construction of, YB97.479
prescribed bodies corporate, J02.303-311
prescribed body corporate, YB02.112-113
Previous Exclusive Possession Act (PEPA), YB04.513–14, YB04.522–3
principles, YB94.33
priority of mining tenements, J97.105
procedures for registration, J98.273-283
project agreements, J01.289-291
proof, YB04.481-2, J01.82-86, J01.238-239, J02.189, J02.240-242
proof of, YB02.131, YB02.143-145, YB02.147, YB02.154, YB02.161, YB02.188, YB02.192-193, YB02.197
continuity, of, YB02.124-125
proof of connection, J00.83-84, J00.95
protection of aboriginal areas and objects, J03.395-397, J03.397-398, J03.398-400, J03.400-401
proving, YB94.18, J98.367-369, J98.415
public roads, to, YB02.170-171
public works, J00.194
Queensland Department of Minerals and Energy guidelines regarding procedures, B94.168
Queensland Land and Resources Tribunal, J00.275-276
Queensland legislation
s 144B Native Title Act 1993 (Qld), B95.223–224
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), B94.125, B94.159, J02.191, J02.213-214, J02.239, J02.245-254, J02.221, J04.55-62
recognition and protection, YB94.3
recognition of, YB02.103, YB02.105-107, YB02.115, YB02.132, YB02.161, YB02.178, YB02.243
reconciliation, YB02.104
regional or local agreements in relation to, YB95.506
register of, YB94.12
“registered native title claimant”, B95.248–249
registration, YB02.129, J98.273-283, J98.335, J03.464
registration test (SA), J99.212-213
renewal and “as of right” issue of mining tenements, J98.224-248, J98.334, J98.418
renewals, J97.60
representative bodies, J02.303-311
requirements for, YB02.132, YB02.192-193
reserve land, J98.334
reserves, J00.88-89, J02.192, J02.212, J02.276-281, J02.297
resources, rights to, see Resources
review of negotiations (Western Australia), J01.131-132
revival, YB02.108, YB02.153, J97.34
revocation of, YB02.152
Reynolds plea, B95.89, B95.91
“right to fish”, B95.11–12
“right to negotiate”, B95.6, B96.156–158, YB94.5, YB95.445–449, J98.93-95, J98.282, J98.284-299, J98.330-331
registration test, B96.158
right to negotiate regime
NT, J00.106
SA, J00.110
rights, YB02.95, YB02.96, YB02.99, YB02.102, YB02.192
access, YB02.116
airspace, to, YB02.120
characterisation of, YB02.95
classification of, YB02.95, YB02.125-126
co-existing, YB02.95, YB02.109, YB02.112, YB02.119
common law, at see common law, at above
enforcement of, YB02.182
exclusive, YB02.108, YB02.125-126
exercise of, YB02.201
extinguishment of see extinguishment above
fishing, YB02.117, YB02.120
hunting, YB02.126, YB02.161, YB02.176
identification of, YB02.193
inconsistency, YB02.110-111, YB02.117, YB02.198, YB02.201-202
lease inconsistent with, YB02.110-111, YB02.117
mineral, YB02.110
occupation of land, YB02.111
proof of, YB02.192-193, YB02.197
protection of, YB02.193
recognition of, YB02.115
resources, to, see Resources
waterways, YB02.117, YB02.120
roads, J00.87, J00.194
sea claim, J97.106
self-government, YB02.95
settlement, subject to, YB02.106
South Australian legislation, B96.107, B96.171
amendment to Mining Act, B95.26–29, B95.99, B95.175, B95.239
amendments to bills, B95.25
authorisation to mine, B95.27–28
cabinet subcommittee, B95.24
compensation for economic loss, B95.29
interaction with mining industry, B95.25–26
introduction to house of Assembly, B95.24
power of Minister to override agreements, B95.29
right to negotiate scheme, B95.26–27
summary determination, B95.28
specification of rights, J00.84
State agreements, YB96.341
State and Territory
exercise of constitutional functions, burdens imposed on, YB94.70
legislative and executive functions, interference with, YB94.72
responses to Commonwealth legislation, YB94.14, YB94.40
New South Wales, YB94.18
Queensland, YB94.15
South Australia, YB94.18
Tasmania, YB94.18
Western Australia, YB94.17, YB94.41, YB94.66, YB94.73
state-developer agreements, J97.36, J97.42
state legislation (South Australia), J01.196-204
state responses to Native Title Amendment Act (Cth), J98.421-427
statewide model agreement, J01.234-235
strike-out applications, J98.281
succession, YB02.124-125
surrender to government at common law, B94.164
suspension, YB02.194, J98.228-241, J02.190, J02.262-263
Technical Task Force on Mineral Tenements (WA), J02.53-56
test for claim, B94.165
threshold test, J98.273-283
title audits, J98.251-272
title brokers, YB94.11
traditional law and customs, J03.99-107
traditions see Aboriginal traditions
transfer of, YB02.95, YB02.124-125
treated like freehold, B94.162
trust, YB02.112
“usufructory right”, B95.12
“valid”, meaning of, YB04.520–1
valid grants of land, subject to, YB02.127
validation of invalid acts, J98.242-244, J98.336
valuation, J97.65-66
variation of, YB02.152
vesting, J02.193, J02.223, J02.263-264, J02.280-281, J02.287-290
views of community, YB96.112, YB96.121
Waanyi peoples claim, B95.211–224, B96.1, B96.91
background, B95.211, B95.214, B95.218
concept of native title, B95.213–214
connection with land, B95.215–216
extinguishment of title, B95.89–92, B95.216–224
key issues of judgment, B95.212
no constitutional limitation of grants, B95.218–220
pastoral lease implies no reservation in favour of aboriginal people, B95.222–223
prima facie case, B95.90, B95.212–213
succession, B95.214–215
tenure history, B95.218–223
Ward, see Ward
water resources, J98.334-335
water rights, see Water
Western Australia v Commonwealth, B95.102–105, B95.243–244
Western Australia v Ward, J02.187-197, J02.207-224, J02.294 301
Western Australian legislation, B95.241–245
Acts Amendment and Repeal (Native Title) Bill 1995, B95.242–245
inconsistency with Racial Discrimination Act, B95.108–109
invalidity of Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA), B95.102–104, B95.108–112
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) operative, B95.102, B95.108
Titles Validation Act 1995, B95.241
Titles Validation Bill 1995, B95.102
validity of titles granted, B95.104–105, B95.110–112
Wik, see Wik
Wik people, B95.7, B96.1, B96.91, B96.162, YB96.58
Wongatha Claim, J03.43-46
Yorta-Yorta, J01.82-86
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)
Aboriginal representative bodies, YB96.104
aboriginal rights, YB02.95
alternative State provisions, B94.88–89
amendment of, YB02.111
AMPLA submission on Native Title Bill 1993, B94.41–49
determination of native title, B94.47
future grants, B94.44–45
National Native Title Tribunal, B94.46, B94.47–48
“past acts”, B94.42–43
potential for ambit claims, B94.45
potential for compensation, B94.43
validation of existing titles, B94.42
validity of grants, B94.43–44
application of, YB02.95
application to Native Title Registrar, B94.31
“arbitral body”, B94.86–88
authorisation of future acts, YB02.119-122
background, YB02.111-113
CERD Committee, consideration by, YB00.69-73
Government response, YB00.72-73
checklist for party considering investment project, B94.166, B94.170
claims for mineral ownership, YB96.203
claims under, YB02.95, YB02.111
commencement, B94.29, B94.162
common law, YB02.113-115, YB02.128
confirmation of, YB02.117
incorporation of, YB02.114
relationship, YB02.113-115
Commonwealth legislation, YB02.111
Commonwealth preferred land rights model, YB96.88
compensation
existing titles, B94.162
how paid, B94.35
when payable, B94.34
who pays, B94.35, B94.161
compensation claims, YB02.133
compulsory acquisition of native title, B94.131
confirmation of existing rights, YB02.117
constitutional basis, B94.30
constitutional ramifications, YB94.32
constitutional validity of—see Constitutional validity
continuity of use, proof of, YB02.124
conversion of exploration title to production title, B94.132
creation of native title, YB02.116
deficiencies, YB96.98-99
determination of application, B94.86–87
determinations under, YB02.111, YB02.116, YB02.118-119
procedures, YB02.118-119, YB02.133
discriminatory, whether, YB00.72
effect of, YB02.95
effect on existing titles, B94.125
enactment of, YB94.2, YB94.32, YB94.49
expedited procedure, B94.89, B96.85–87, B96.175–176
extinguishment, B94.80–81, B94.126, B94.165
extinguishment of native title, YB02.133
prevention of, YB02.116
factors influencing effectiveness, B94.29
framework, YB00.70
“freehold test”, YB96.85-86
future act regime
establishment of, YB02.133
validation of, YB02.133
“future acts”, B94.35, YB95.441–445
compensation, B94.35, B94.36
definition of, YB95.442
determinations, YB96.78
extinguishment of title by, B94.36
“low impact”, B94.36, B94.83–84
negotiation, B94.36, B94.90–91
notice from government of intention, B94.36
permissible, B94.35, B94.82–83, B94.84
permissible and impermissible, distinguished, YB95.443–445
procedures, flow chart, YB95.474
right to negotiate under—see right to negotiate system infra
government right to overrule determination, B94.88
holder of native title, B94.31
impairment of native title, YB02.133
“interest”, B94.31
interpretation of, YB02.95
issues raised by Coe v Commonwealth, B94.168
land acquisition fund, YB94.10
“minimal effect”, grant or renewal, B94.107
mining leases, B94.34
National Native Title Register, B94.31
National Native Title Tribunal powers under, YB00.71
“native title” (s 223), B94.16, B94.30
Native Title Tribunal
appeal, B94.131
arbitration where no agreement can be reached, B94.133
establishment of, YB95.429
“expedited procedure”, B94.37
overruling decisions of, B94.37
leave to re-open decided issues, B94.130
mediation, B94.99
negotiation, B94.86
“negotiation/arbitration”, B94.158
non-extinguishment principle (s 238), B94.81
power to exclude a party, B94.133
role in negotiations, B94.37
statements of President re purpose, B94.104
native title under, YB02.95
definition of, YB02.116
“negotiation/arbitration”, B94.158, B94.165, B94.171
negotiation for extension of title, B94.90–91
negotiation time frames, B94.162–163
negotiation with surviving native title holders, B94.163
non-claimant application for determination, B94.131, YB96.98, YB96.103-194
notice, B94.86
objects, B94.30, YB94.3, YB94.49
offshore areas, extension to, YB94.3, YB94.11
offshore places, application to, YB02.121
operation of, YB02.95, YB02.113-115
origins, YB96.87-89
overview of, YB94.3
past acts
categories of, YB94.4
concept of, YB94.4
remedies for, YB94.10
validation of, YB94.4
“past acts”, B94.32–33, B94.75–80, B94.132, B94.164
pastoral leases, B94.100, B94.133
pastoral leases held by native title holders, B94.34, B94.73
permitted activities of native title holders, B94.34
practical effect, YB02.128
Preamble, YB94.3, YB94.49
procedures, YB02.133
proceedings under, YB02.117
proposed amendments, YB96.81-82, YB96.99-104
purpose, B94.158–159
Racial Discrimination Act, B94.29
recognition of native title, YB02.133
recommendations for changes to, YB95.504–506
s 21(4), regional or local agreements, YB95.506
“recognised State/Territory bodies”, B94.37
reform of, YB02.122
requirement of, YB02.124
Register of Native Title Claims, B94.31
registered native title holder, B94.163
renewal of licences, B94.106, B94.131–132, B94.165, B94.166
resource development problems, YB96.120
“right to mine”, YB96.58, YB96.61, YB96.75
“right to negotiate”, B94.84–85, B94.105, B94.130, YB95.445–449, YB96.55, YB96.86
at two stages, B94.129–130, B94.131
breadth of application, YB96.57
compulsory acquisition, YB95.445
consideration of interests of legitimate native title claimants, B94.162
criteria for determination, YB96.77
exclusion of grant and renewal of exploration licences, B94.106, B94.131
determination period, YB96.77
mediation process under, YB95.449
Gove land rights case, YB96.87
“government party”, YB96.64
impermissible future acts, YB96.96
intent, YB96.56
limits of a State or Territory, YB96.62
mining lease, grant of, YB95.445, YB95.447-448
s 29 notices, issuing of, YB95.450–451
origins, YB96.87-89
permissible future acts, YB96.57, YB96.59, YB96.60, YB96.73, YB96.79, YB96.96
powers of Commonwealth Minister, YB96.61
procedures under, YB95.452
flow chart of, YB95.474
“registered native title body corporate”, YB96.66
registered native title claimant, YB96.67, YB96.77
renewal of mining tenement, YB96.63
requirements to initiate, YB96.62
requirement to negotiate, YB96.77
s 26(2), YB96.57, YB96.60, YB96.61, YB96.73
subsequent renewals, B94.131–132
s 12 constitutionally invalid, B95.110
s 13, YB96.58
s 21 agreements, YB96.78-79, YB96.97, YB96.103
s 22, YB96.60
s 24, YB96.80-81
s 31, YB96.75-76
s 35, YB96.76
s 225, YB96.58
s 235(5), YB96.59
s 253, YB96.61, YB96.62
scope, B94.160
security of title, B94.159, B94.161
security over land, B94.167
severance provisions in, YB94.82
shortcomings of Act
Aboriginal point of view, B94.104
Australian Mining Industry Council, B94.124, B94.130, B94.134
Western Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy, B94.124
special measure, as, YB94.50
indicia of, YB94.60
States, binding of, YB94.3
status of native title, B94.30
statutory access rights, creation of, YB02.116
statutory scheme, YB02.113, YB02.135
subsequent titles, B94.90
surrender of title, B94.37
test for claim, B94.165
tradition, definition of, YB02.155
unopposed grants, B94.90
validation
future acts, of, YB02.133
grants, of, YB02.133
previous acts, of, YB02.117-118
validation by, YB94.4
validation of titles, B94.32, B94.73–74, B94.133, B94.162, B94.165
validity, B94.160–161, B95.102–105, B95.108–112
weakness of, YB02.95, YB02.128
Western Australia, challenge to validity in—see Western Australia v the Commonwealth
Western Australian Act, inconsistency with, YB94.83
Wik decision, amendments based on, YB00.70-71
who is bound, B94.38
Woodward recommendations, YB96.88-89
Native Title Act 1994 (NSW), B94.102
Native title agreements
Aboriginal community involvement in project contracts, YB00.554
Aboriginal cultural awareness, YB00.555
access conditions, YB00.553
assignment, YB00.555
authority to enter, YB00.550-551
compensation, YB00.538-543
amount of, YB00.538
continuing compensation exposures, YB00.542-543
full satisfaction, YB00.551
impact on land during life of mine, YB00.541
NNTT conditions, YB00.540
non-monetary compensation, YB00.542
`price of consent', YB00.541-542
relevant principles, YB00.538-539
State principles, YB00.538-539, YB00.540-541
cultural heritage conditions, YB00.551-553
employment and training conditions, YB00.553-554
environmental conditions, YB00.555
legal issues, YB00.537-556
liaison committees, YB00.554-555
native title claims
agreed terms of determination, YB00.548
granted rights and native title rights, relationship, YB00.549
implications of determination, YB00.546-547
nature and extent of granted rights, YB00.548-549
response to, YB00.546-549
support for, YB00.547
project guarantee, YB00.550-551
authority to enter agreement, YB00.550-551
full compensation, YB00.551
securing project rights, YB00.550
right to negotiate process, YB00.537
standard commercial clauses, YB00.555-556
trusts established for community benefit, YB00.543-546
advantages, YB00.543
beneficiaries, YB00.545
categories of distribution, YB00.545
charitable purposes, YB00.544
custodian trustee, YB00.545-546
transparency, YB00.546
trust deed, YB00.543
trustees, YB00.544-545
Native Title Amendment Bill 1996 (Cth), B96.162–163
Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993, YB94.15
appeal from Tribunal, B94.101
assent, B94.98
compensation
when payable, B94.161
who pays, B94.161
Land Appeal Court, B94.101
outstanding issues with Commonwealth, B94.168
participation in national scheme, B94.98
Preamble, YB94.15
provisions complementary with Commonwealth Act, B94.71
purpose, B94.158–159
Queensland Native Title Tribunal, B94.89, B94.100–101
appeals from, YB94.16
establishment of, YB94.15
President, YB94.16
“right to negotiate”, B94.89, B94.99
security of title, B94.161
validity, B94.161
Native Title (South Australia) Bill 1994
amendments, B95.25
assent to Act, B95.99
introduced to House of Assembly, B95.24
submissions, B95.25
validating provisions, B95.25
Native title: the North American experience, YB94.85
adjudication of claims, YB94.127
aid and funding for social and economic development, YB94.109
Alaska, YB94.111
Canada, YB94.111
treaties and agreements, YB94.109
Alaska
Alaska Native Claim Settlement Act, YB94.94
aid and funding, YB94.111
grants of fee simple land, YB94.107
traditional rights, YB94.109
Russia, ceded by, YB94.94
Australia
implications for, YB94.127, YB94.128
objective, identification of, YB94.134
Canada
Aboriginal land, area and nature of, YB94.102
British Columbia, YB94.101
comprehensive land claims policy, YB94.102
funding for social and economic development, YB94.111
grants of freehold title, YB94.107
Northern Quebec, YB94.100
Ontario, YB94.97
Prairies and the North, YB94.98
recognition of native title, YB94.111
resource development on Aboriginal lands, YB94.120
contemporary settlements, YB94.125
terms of settlements, YB94.105
traditional rights throughout traditional lands, YB94.109
constitutional framework, YB94.87, YB94.130
contemporary land settlements, YB94.94
early British policy in North America, YB94.89
eastern land claim settlements, YB94.94
exclusive federal jurisdiction, YB94.87, YB94.131
extinguishment of native title, YB94.112
future interests
ceded land, on, YB94.116
reservation and granted lands, on, YB94.117
Indian lands, area and nature of, YB94.95
Indians
dwellings with more than one person per room, YB94.137, YB94.153–154
education, YB94.136, YB94.148–149
employment rates, YB94.137, YB94.150
government transfer payments, YB94.137
incomes, YB94.137, YB94.151–152
mineral ownership, YB94.132
Newfoundland, history of, YB94.88
Quebec, French sovereignty in, YB94.88
reservations
area and nature of, YB94.95
future interests on, YB94.117
purpose of, YB94.105
treaties and agreements, set apart by, YB94.106
resource development on Aboriginal lands, YB94.118, YB94.128
Australia, implications for, YB94.127
Canada, YB94.120
contemporary settlements, YB94.125
settlement of native title with, YB94.86
United States, YB94.118
settlement process, history and development of, YB94.88
State and Provincial governments, role of, YB94.127
surrender of title, YB94.112
terms of settlements, YB94.103, YB94.128
Canada, YB94.104
United States, YB94.104
traditional rights throughout traditional lands, YB94.108
treaties and agreements
aid and funding for social and economic development, YB94.109
hunting and fishing, rights to, YB94.108
recognition of native title, YB94.111
setting reservations apart, YB94.106
United States
Indian Claims Commission, YB94.93
reservations
area and nature of, YB94.95
establishment of, YB94.92
resource development, YB94.118
terms of settlement, YB94.104
treaties with Indian tribes, YB94.90
ratification by Senate, YB94.92
Whitehorse Mining Initiative, YB94.129, YB94.133
Native title claims
Maori claims to petroleum, see Maori claims to petroleum
Native Title Tribunal
native title extinguished by grant of Homestead Lease, B95.167
opening date, B95.167
“registered native title claimant”, B95.248–249
review under Administrative Decisions Judicial Review Act, B95.245–247
unopposed, non-claimant application, B95.168–169
Natural gas, see also Gas industry
access regime, see Gas access regime
access to pipelines, J03.81-88, J03.440-443
agreements
access to existing infrastructure, YB01.355
allocation, YB01.365
attribution, YB01.363-364
blending, YB01.364
contents of, YB01.350
gas balancing agreements, YB01.351-354
midstream, YB01.354-361
offtake, YB01.348-351
processing, YB01.357-359
production, affecting, YB01.361-365
substitution, YB01.362-363
tie-in, YB01.355-356
allocation agreements, YB01.365
aluminium industry, YB01.285
assessing access arrangements, J03.83-84, J03.440-443
attribution agreements, YB01.363-364
Australian reserves, YB01.346-347
authorisation of conduct, YB01.371-372
blending agreements, YB01.364
coal seam gas regime, J02.145-152
co-operation
development possibilities, YB01.346
drivers for, YB01.346-347
competition, YB01.368
concept of, YB01.367
joint venture monopolies restricting, YB01.181
major elements, YB01.367-368
past restrictions on, YB01.181
consumption forecasts, YB01.284
contamination, see contamination
demand trends, YB01.284-286
eastern Australian market
issues surrounding supply to, YB01.282
power generation prospects, YB01.295
shortfall in supply, prospect of, YB01.281, YB01.286, YB01.295
transcontinental pipeline to haul gas to, YB01.286
Eastern Gas Pipeline (EGP) coverage decision, YB01.304-305
electricity generation, in, YB01.287-288
exploration, see joint ventures
gas access arrangements (Victoria), J02.131-133
gas balancing agreements, YB01.351-352
content, YB01.352-354
greenfields projects, YB01.297
infrastructure
access to existing, agreements about, YB01.355
facilities, definition, YB01.347
increased sharing of, YB01.346
licence, YB01.347
negative impact of regulators, YB01.297-298
ownership, YB01.359-361
taxation depreciation provisions, YB01.303
transcontinental to eastern states, YB01.286
under-development, YB01.297
what is required, YB01.359
Indonesia, see Indonesia
joint venture agreements, see joint ventures
joint ventures
gas balancing agreements, YB01.351-354
infrastructure arrangements, YB01.359-361
midstream agreements, YB01.354-361
offtake of product, YB01.348-351
processing agreements, YB01.357-359
scope of, YB01.348
third party use of facilities, YB01.348
tie-in agreements, YB01.355-356
unincorporated, YB01.139, YB01.347-348, YB01.360-361
legislative amendments (Vic), J03.32-33, (Tas), J03.418-419
liquefied facility environmental impact assessment, J02.123
LNG export opportunities, YB01.296-297
major sources, YB01.282-284
market, J04.195-200
definition, YB01.366
development, YB01.372
trade practices issues, YB01.366-367
midstream agreements, YB01.354-361
national energy policy, YB01.295
national market for, YB01.280-282
New South Wales market, YB01.292-293
offtake agreements, YB01.348-351
Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Bill 2004 (Qld), J04.128-130
pipelines, J03.421-422
power generation, in, YB01.287
processing agreements, YB01.357-359
duration, YB01.359
key operative provisions, YB01.358
parties, YB01.357
risk allocation, YB01.358-359
producers, arrangements between, YB01.347-354
Queensland market, YB01.288-290
regulators
failure to understand transmission business, YB01.299
impact of, YB01.297-298
principle of participants’ approval, YB01.300
taxation depreciation provisions, YB01.303
threat to existing contracts, YB01.299
residential customers, YB01.285
review of access regime (Cth), J04.12-15
sales agreements, substitution within, YB01.364
significant producer, (Vic), J03.134-135
South Australian market, YB01.293-294
State markets for, YB01.288-294
substitution
agreements, YB01.362-363
gas sales, within, YB01.364
Tasmania, J02.40-41
Tasmanian market, YB01.294
tie-in agreements, YB01.355-356
title to facilitate gas gathering, YB01.347
trade practices, see restrictive trade practices
Trade Practices Act issues, YB01.366-372
authorisation of conduct, YB01.371-372
value-added applications, YB01.285-286
vehicles, take-up of, YB01.286
Victorian market, YB01.290-292
Natural resources
objections to projects, see Objections to natural resource projects
`property in', nature of, YB00.250-256
quasi-public spaces, YB00.254, YB00.255
public ownership in Australia, YB00.248-256
Necessity
meaning of, YB02.33
Negative pledges
corporate financing arrangements, YB03.93
Negligence
causation and, YB04.149–50
compensation for loss caused by, YB02.430-431
damages, YB02.421, YB02.430
definition, YB94.164
duty of care, YB03.563
breach of, YB02.430, YB02.435-437
establishment of, YB02.431-435
exclusion of claims, in joint venture context, YB04.143–4
exemption clauses for
joint operating agreements, in, YB94.164
third party contracts, in, YB94.172
gross negligence
AIPN Model Form, clauses in, YB94.184
joint operating agreements, in, YB94.165, YB94.187
meaning of, YB94.165
international environmental harm, domestic claim, YB00.38
limitation clause, YB02.447-448
proximity
Longford case, YB03.571, YB03.574
rise and fall of, YB03.563–564
public bodies, of, YB02.430-431
public officer, of, YB02.421, YB02.430, YB02.431
public utility providers, YB03.579–581
reasonable foreseeability, YB03.573
regulators’ liability in, YB01.228
solicitor’s professional liability, J99.173-176
Negligence and nuisance, actions
noxious emissions, J00.187-188
Negotiation
agreement to, see Agreement to negotiate
arbitration body, by, see National Native Title Tribunal
duty to, see Duty to negotiate
good faith, in, YB02.122
lease agreement, of, YB02.15
notification of, YB02.122
right of, see Right to negotiate regime
withdrawal from, YB02.14
Negotiation and mediation
aboriginal cultural heritage issues, YB04.509–11
Neighbouring mine owners
obligations, B95.100
Net present value (NPV), YB03.95
impairment testing and amortisation, YB04.540–1, YB04.544
Net profits, YB93.257–258
Net smelter returns, YB93.246, YB93.249, YB93.259–261
Netting, YB93.92, YB93.105–106, YB03.289
Network service providers, YB02.261-262
categories, YB02.261-262
definition of, YB02.261
distribution, YB02.261-262
market, YB02.262
obligations of, YB02.282
regulation, YB02.292-293
transmission, YB02.261, YB02.272, YB02.292-293
annual planning report, YB02.272-273
responsibilities, YB02.272
New South Wales
gas, supply of
competition in, YB95.349–350
Moomba-Sydney pipeline—see Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline
native title, response to Commonwealth legislation, YB94.18
New South Wales Coal Compensation Review Tribunal
appeal against Board determination where claim wrongly assessed, B95.10
appeal may be withdrawn before hearing, B95.9
claims for pecuniary loss pursuant to s 128 Coal Acquisition Act, B95.171
establishment and structure, B95.8
no appeal from Board determination of rate of interest, B95.9
not bound by rules of evidence, B95.9
right to compensation for pecuniary loss by virtue of s 5 Coal Acquisition Act, B95.9–10, B95.171–173
ruling regarding calculation of moisture content of coal, B95.9
summary of decisions, B95.171–173
New South Wales Department of Mineral Resources
discussion paper on exclusion of grant and renewal of exploration licences from right to negotiate under Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), B94.106
new policies, J99.5-6
New Zealand
Auckland power crisis, J99.42, J99.43, J99.47-48
deregulated electricity market, YB01.175
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.251
Maori claims to petroleum, see Maori claims to petroleum
ownership of petroleum, YB01.427-429
Ngalakan v Northern Territory
access rights, YB02.170
determination of native title, YB02.170-172
claimant group, YB02.171-172
connection, YB02.171
customs, YB02.171, YB02.172
possession, YB02.171
traditions, YB02.171, YB02.172
exclusive possession, YB02.136
exclusions, YB02.136
extinguishment of native title, YB02.171, YB02.172
public roads, YB02.170-171
Nigeria
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.251
NOGSAC, YB96.479
Nominee directors
classification as, YB03.532
duties of, YB03.533–534
independence of, YB03.551
nominators, giving preference to, YB03.534–539
obligations, difficulties in meeting, YB03.532
personal liability, expanding scope of, YB03.530
primary duty, YB03.533
public interest, giving preference to, YB03.539–542
specific interest groups, giving preference to, YB03.534–539
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)
function in global society, YB04.58
international standards, YB04.47, YB04.57–60
investigative journalism, YB04.58
multinational companies, alliances with, YB04.57
nature of, YB04.57–8
new players, as, YB04.50
public opinion pressure, YB04.58
range of, YB04.57–8
Noongoora Burr Quarantine Area
native title, effect of regulations on, J00.95
Northern Territory
application of laws to Ashmore and Cartier Islands, B95.176–179
powers in relation to mining, J98.13-15
North Flinders Mine Ltd v Conn
dore, production of, YB95.509
facts of case, YB95.509
gold, methods of valuation, YB95.510–511
relevant mineral commodity, determination of, YB95.511–512
sales contracts, relevance of, YB95.514–516
mineral, definition, YB95.510
mineral commodity, definition, YB95.510, YB95.516
saleable, definition, YB95.516
Mineral Royalty Act 1982 (NT), amendments to, YB95.516
production unit, definition, YB95.510
royalty
definition, YB95.510
calculation of, YB95.510–512
removal of ore without sale, where, YB95.512–514
NSCWG, YB96.479
NSESD, YB96.445
No shop agreements
anti-competitive, YB01.51
exclusivity arrangements, YB01.51-52
``lock-up’ characteristics, YB01.48
takeover targets, by, YB01.48
Takeovers Panel, YB01.51
Notice
future acts, YB02.181
negotiate, right to, see Right to negotiate regime
reasonableness, YB02.13
termination, see Termination of contract
Notification
breach of environmental requirements, YB93.26
environmental matters, YB93.48
Noxious emissions
personal injury claim, J00.187-188
Nuclear energy, YB00.313
Nuisance
international environmental harm, domestic claim, YB00.38
solar access rights, effect of law of, YB00.322
Consolidated Index: O
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Objections
mining lease, B96.15–17
time limitations
Queensland, B96.3–8
Western Australia, B96.15–17
prospecting licences, B96.135
tenement applications, B96.133–135
Objections to natural resource projects, YB00.246-281
City of Enfield case, YB00.266-268
class actions, YB00.278
classes of objectors, YB00.258-259
conditions of approval, non-compliance, YB00.276-277
agency enforcement, YB00.276-277
common law action for damages, YB00.277-280
injunction, YB00.277
declarations, actions for, YB00.263, YB00.265-270
draft plans, YB00.262
environmental impact assessment requirements, non-compliance,YB00.263-264, YB00.268-270
equitable remedies, YB00.265-268, YB00.277
formal assessment stage, at, YB00.263-276
forum of public opinion, YB00.280-281
implementation stage, at, YB00.276-280
injunctions, actions for, YB00.263, YB00.265-270, YB00.277
Jabiluka project, see Jabiluka uranium mine
judicial review proceedings, YB00.265
mining projects, YB00.270-276
native title holders, YB00.258, YB00.259
parliamentary scrutiny, YB00.261-262
political lobbying, YB00.271
post-approval objections, YB00.276-280
private landowners, YB00.258
project formulation stage, at, YB00.260-262
`property in' natural resources, YB00.250-256
public consultation, YB00.257, YB00.280-281
public health actions, YB00.278-279
public interest, YB00.264-265, YB00.266, YB00.270, YB00.273
public or political objections, YB00.260-261
public ownership of natural resources, YB00.248-256
re-classification objections, YB00.261
rezoning objections, YB00.261
right to object, YB00.246-281
Australian culture, YB00.246-247
common law, YB00.247
constitution, YB00.247
importance, YB00.256-258
judicial view of public power, YB00.248
legal right, YB00.256-258
sectional environmental groups, YB00.259-260, YB00.271-272
Serpentine-Jarrahdale case, YB00.270-275
standing to sue, YB00.264-265
strategic planning stage, YB00.262
Occupational health and safety (OHS), YB96.521-523, YB96.524-525
breaches, YB04.231–2
defences, YB04.233
increased personal liability, YB04.232–5
penalties, YB04.235–6
contractors, YB04.242–3
corporate responsibility, YB04.227–8, YB04.237–8, YB04.244–5
elements, YB04.228
liability, conditions for, YB04.228–9
personal liability, increased, YB04.232–5
industrial manslaughter, YB04.226–7, YB04.236–9
legislative reform, YB04.226–7
States and Territories, YB04.228
negligence YB04.238–9
non-compliance, reducing the risk of, YB04.241–3
organisations, cultural change within, YB04.239–41, YB04.244–5
individual focus, YB04.241
organisational focus, YB04.240–1
performance monitoring and reporting, YB04.240
response strategies and procedures, YB04.243–4
testing, YB04.244
risk
assessment, YB04.241–2
contractors, YB04.242–3
reducing, YB04.242
silica, health risks, J00.137-144
statutory duty of care, YB04.229–31
onus of proof, YB04.233
strategic commitment, YB04.240
Occupational health and safety legislation
compliance with, officers responsible for, YB95.206
corporate officers, liability of, YB95.205–208
employees, responsibilities of, YB95.208
employers, duties of, YB95.208
Occupation health, welfare and safety
duties under Mines Safety and Inspection Bill 1994 (WA), B94.151–152
health and safety representatives (WA), B94.153
Occupiers, YB93.297
“control”, YB93.11
liability—see also Lenders’ liability
contaminated land, YB93.10–11
Oceans Policy
aims and objectives, J99.2-3
announcement of Australia’s, J99.1
National Oceans Advisory Group, J99.2
National Oceans Ministerial Board, J99.2
National Oceans Office, J99.2
Regional Marine Plan Steering Committee, J99.2
OECD Convention Against Bribery, YB00.1, YB00.12, YB00.13, YB00.15
Australian compliance, YB00.20
corporate programs, YB00.24-34
Criminal Code, YB00.15, YB00.16-18, YB00.20
implementation, YB00.18-20
review of compliance, YB00.18-19
OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational
Enterprises, YB00.59
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, YB00.59-60, YB00.62
OECD Recommendations on Bribery in International Business
Transactions, YB00.11
Offences
environment protection legislation, under—see Environment protection legislation
environmental
contaminated land, YB93.7–10
New Zealand, YB93.425
meaning of, YB94.190
mens rea, YB94.190
strict liability, YB94.190
Offer information statements, YB00.410, YB00.421-429
advertising restrictions, YB00.420-421
ASIC policy, YB00.421-423
content, YB00.415-416
Corporations Law requirements, YB00.413-421
defences to liability, YB00.417-418, YB00.426-427
due diligence investigations, YB00.426-427
description of use of funds, YB00.415, YB00.423-424
disadvantages, YB00.423-427
exposure period, YB00.418-419
financial report, YB00.416-417, YB00.421-423, YB00.424-425
five million dollar limit, YB00.414-415, YB00.423
liability provisions, YB00.417-418, YB00.426-427
limited disclosure requirements, YB00.425-426
lodgment, YB00.421
market responses, YB00.427-428
misleading or deceptive statements, YB00.417-418
omissions, YB00.417-418
publicity restrictions, YB00.420-421
replacement, YB00.419
small and medium enterprises (SMEs), YB00.411, YB00.413, YB00.428-429
supplementary, YB00.419
offshore
criminal liability, J02.104-110
North Sea petroleum licences, J03.146-153
Petroleum, see petroleum
seabed claims, see also Timor Sea, J02.185-187
Timor Sea treaty, J02.198-2000
Offshore Constitutional Settlement, YB00.114, YB00.115
Offshore Infrastructure Code of Practice (UK)
application, YB99.189
Australian code based on, YB99.180
dispute resolution, YB99.193-194
maintenance, YB99.193
non-discrimination principle, YB99.189-192
objectives, YB99.189
procedures, YB99.192-193
summary, YB99.189-194
Offshore Minerals Act 1994 (Cth)—see Mining
Offshore mining, YB96.182
compensation for cancellation of part of exploration permit by government, B94.69–70
Offshore mining platform removal
Commonwealth context, B95.230–231
international context, B95.229–230
international guidelines for abandoned or disused installations, B95.229–231
liability for damages resulting from platform remains, B95.231
Offshore mobile craft
FPSO, whether classified as ship, YB00.81-90
legal concepts applicable, YB00.82
mortgages, registration of, YB00.84
oil pollution, liability for, YB00.87-88
proposed convention on, YB00.81-82, YB00.89-90
arguments for and against, YB00.83-84
registration, YB00.84-86
Offshore oil exploration
Constitutional protection of resource rights under Commonwealth laws, B96.149–154, B96.163
environmental impact assessment, B96.117
policy, B96.116
Offshore oil rigs
IMO safety resolutions, J00.35-38
protection in international law, J00.35-43
safety zones around, J00.35-38
State legislation to protect, J00.41-42
terrorism, protocol against, J00.38-40
Offshore petroleum
jurisdictions, YB96.531-532
offshore constitutional settlement, YB96.512-513
oh&s, YB96.521-523, YB96.524-525
operator versus regulator, YB96.527-529
PSLA, YB96.513-516, YB96.533
regulation
directions power, YB96.516-518
safety, YB96.513-516
specific requirements, YB96.518-520
States versus Commonwealth, YB96.512-513, YB96.529-531
safety
COSOP recommendations, YB96.508-511
Piper Alpha, YB96.507-511
proposed changes, YB96.523-525
recent developments, YB96.507
safety case, YB96.525-527
Offshore petroleum operations
adjacent areas, concept of, YB00.176, YB00.180
administration, YB00.93, YB00.113-117
Commonwealth role, YB00.93, YB00.113-114, YB00.116-117
in coastal waters, YB00.115
outside coastal waters, YB00.115
States and Territories, YB00.93, YB00.113-115, YB00.174-175
approval of dealings, YB00.131-135
Australian economy, contribution to, YB00.120
Commonwealth sovereignty, YB00.93, YB00.113-114, YB00.176
criminal offence without licence, YB00.95
replacing with civil remedies, YB00.99-100
environmental regulation, YB00.121
joint operating agreement, YB00.133-134
licences and permits, see Petroleum titles
1979 Agreement, YB00.177
petroleum resource rent tax, YB00.117-118
registration of dealings, YB00.131-135
safety management, YB00.121-122
seismic survey techniques, YB00.128
statutory regime, see Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth)
technology, changes in, YB00.120
Timor Gap
operations prior to Treaty, YB00.174-177
Treaty, see Timor Gap Treaty
Zone of Cooperation, see Timor Gap Zone of Cooperation
Titles, see Petroleum titles
unitisation arrangements, YB00.103-107, YB00.122-123
wells, YB00.128
work programme
bidding, YB00.123-124, YB00.127
failure to fulfil, YB00.129-120
Offshore petroleum regime
administrators, discretionary powers of, YB04.36–8
Australian regime
administrative authorisations, YB04.7
allocation of power between different level of rules, YB04.5
Commonwealth and States, disputes between, YB04.6–7, YB04.32
complexity of, YB04.8
exclusive exploration titles, YB04.11
executive discretion, YB04.9
federal system, YB04.32
forms of offshore title, YB04.8
litigation, YB04.10
over-regulation, YB04.8
UK regime, comparison with, YB04.4–5
unilateral administrative grants, YB04.4
work program bidding and administration, YB04.11–18
Canadian regime
awards process, YB04.17–18
federal regime, YB04.34–5
forms of offshore title, YB04.8
less discretionary regime, YB04.29
statutory decision-maker, YB04.9
title administration, YB04.8
comparative approach, YB04.4–5
development, authorising, YB04.18–25
exploration permits
assessment criteria, YB04.13
exclusive title, YB04.11
financial capability tests, YB04.15
guidelines, YB04.13–14
judicial review proceedings, YB04.15
objective in awarding, YB04.13
past performance test, YB04.14
threshold issues, YB04.14
industry's attitude to discretion, YB04.38–42
legislators, discretionary powers of, YB04.30–6
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act, see Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act (PSLA)
production licence, YB04.18–25
consent powers, YB04.24
discretion, YB04.19
second renewal, power to grant, YB04.27
unitisation
current practice, YB04.24
title boundaries, across, YB04.20
recovery rates, direction to increase or reduce, YB04.19
retention lease discretions, YB04.28
royalties, see Royalties
UK regime, YB04.4–5
awards process, YB04.15–17
civil service, YB04.36–7
enlargement of control powers, YB04.29
forms of offshore title, YB04.8
industry's attitude to discretion, YB04.40–42
production authorisations, YB04.20–3
statutory decision-maker, YB04.9
title administration, YB04.8
unitary structure of government, YB04.32, YB04.35
unitisation, YB04.24
work program bidding and administration, YB04.11–18
US regime
awards process, YB04.18
discretion, restriction of, YB04.29
federal regime, YB04.34
forms of offshore title, YB04.8
statutory decision-maker, YB04.9
title administration, YB04.8
Offshore places
compulsory acquisition, YB02.121-122
Native Title Act, application of, YB02.121
Offshore units
application of maritime laws, J99.22-27
civil arrest, rights of, J99.24
civil jurisdiction, J99.24
Comité International Maritime, role, J99.21, J99.26
draft Convention on Offshore Mobile Craft, J99.21-22
Exclusive Economic Zones, J99.24, J99.242, J99.250-252
financing and mortgages, J99.23
flag, J99.23
maritime liens, J99.24
mobile units, registration as ships, J99.22, J99.23
International Maritime Organisation, role, J99.21, J99.26, J99.243, J99.248
international convention, proposal for, J99.21-27
laws of costal State in territorial sea, J99.243-246
limitation of liability, J99.25
need for international regulation, J99.21
ownership, J99.23
penal jurisdiction, J99.24-25
pollution, liability for, J99.25-26
protection in international law, J99.21-27, J99.241-252
registration as ships, J99.22, J99.23
removal of decommissioned structures and wrecks, J99.26
safety zones around oil rigs, J99.246-252
breadth, J99.247-248
history, J99.246-247
States’ legislation relating to, J99.250-252
types of rigs protected, J99.248-249
salvage, J99.25
UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea, J99.244, J99.246-248
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, J99.23, J99.24, J99.242-249
Offshore waters
fishing, hunting and gathering rights, J00.14-16
minerals, right to, J00.14-17
native title rights, J00.13-20
non-exclusive native title, J00.14-16
oil rigs, see Offshore oil rigs
radical title, J00.18-19
Offtake risks
definition, YB03.126
offtake contract
events of default, YB03.127
termination of, YB03.127, YB03.128
place of incorporation of offtake entity, YB03.127
Oil, see also Petroleum YB96.237, YB96.238
India, projects in, J99.221-240
offshore rigs see Offshore units
Oilcode, see Downstream petroleum industry
Oil industry
access arrangements, YB04.205
discretion, attitude to, YB04.38–42
maritime transportation, YB04.282–3
water management, YB04.432
Oil pollution
IOPC Fund, YB00.87, YB00.88
liability for, YB00.87-88
FPSO, whether classified as ship, YB00.88
Oil spills
international conventions, J99.25
offshore units
civil jurisdiction, J99.24
liability, J99.25-26
Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement, J99.26
Ok Tedi
action against BHP, YB96.555-556
application of “Mozambique principle”, YB96.561-563
implications of decision, YB96.564-565
jurisdiction of Australian courts, YB96.557-564
in personam, YB96.557-558
“Mozambique principle”, YB96.559-561
Philips v Ayre, YB96.563-564
jurisdiction of Victorian Supreme Court, YB96.556
Philips v Ayre rule, YB96.563-564
reasons for Australian litigation, YB96.556
Olympic Dam, YB93.365
Ombudsman
alternative dispute resolution, YB99.357-358
energy industry, see Energy Industry Ombudsman NSW
industry-based ombudsmen, YB99.358
Onshore mining, YB96.166
opal
prospecting licences, J01.3
Opal mining
land rehabilitation, J97.107
legislative regime, J97.107
repeals of Mining Act 1971 (SA), J97.107
OPEC, YB96.235
Operating and technology risk
O&M agreement, YB99.10, YB99.21
project rating, YB99.10-12
resource projects, YB99.11-12
vulnerability to sponsor insolvency, YB99.10-11
Options, YB93.76–77, YB93.82–84, YB93.106–107, YB93.122—see also Derivatives
futures—see Futures, types
participating, YB93.82–84
pricing, YB93.98
Ord River Project
native title issues, J00.89-90
Ore—see Tailings
Orebody
definition, YB95.1
identification of, YB95.2–3
types of, YB95.2
Orebody risk
projection rating, YB99.12
Organised crime
international cooperation against, YB04.52
Ownership
absolute, YB02.177
commodity, of, YB02.178
meaning of, YB02.177
minerals, of, YB02.197
petroleum, of, YB02.197
private, YB02.178
Consolidated Index: P
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Pakistan
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.252
Pancontinental Mining Ltd v Goldfields Ltd
facts of case, YB95.565–566
Part A Statement
DCF valuation, YB95.568, YB95.569-571
definition, YB95.569
method of valuation, limitations on, YB95.569
requirement to include, whether, YB95.570–571
disposal of non-gold assets, YB95.578
earnings forecast, provision of, YB95.571-572
financial assistance, possible, YB95.580–581
material omissions from, YB95.575
ounce multiple method of valuation, YB95.582–583
Papua New Guinea, risks associated with mining in, YB95.572–574
post-acquisition action, whether sufficient details of, YB95.581–582
premium, attraction of, YB95.583
Prospectus, withdrawal of, effect, YB95.575
subscription share price, calculation of, YB95.574–575
supplementary information, order for provision of, YB95.575–578
underwriting agreement, provisions of, YB95.581
Papua New Guinea
approval for development, YB95.141
banking system, regulation of, YB95.158–160
offences under, YB95.158–159
compensation
compensation agreement, YB95.145
Mining Act 1992, under, YB95.144–148
land, ownership of, YB95.167–168
Porgera Mine, development of—see Porgera Mine
relocation agreement, YB95.145
royalties, payment of, YB95.146
traditional social tool, as, YB95.144
trusts, establishment of, YB95.146
development forum, reconciliation of interests through, YB95.146–148
employment programmes, adoption of, YB95.173–174
environmental concerns, YB95.171–173
litigation in respect of, YB95.173
OK Tedi Mine, problems associated with, YB95.172–173
Porgera Mine, negotiations on, YB95.172
exploration licence, YB95.140
foreign capital, access to, YB95.148–150
foreign currency, retention of, YB95.159–160
foreign expertise and technology, access to, YB95.150–151
insurance industry, YB95.162
Investment Promotion Act, registration by foreign concerns, YB95.162–163
joint venture company, establishment of, YB95.133–134
land
access to, YB95.143–148
traditional ownership of, YB95.167–168
landowners
compensation—see compensation supra
equity in mining projects, YB95.138
law and order, issues of, YB95.174–177
inter-tribal conflict, YB95.174–175
security forces at mines, use of, YB95.176
Lihir project, establishment of, YB95.136–137
local business, development of, YB95.174
mineral resources, access to, YB95.139–143
Mining Act 1992, government control under s 5(1), YB95.139–140
mining development contract
provisions of, YB95.141–143
requirement for, YB95.141
mining project, elements of successful, YB95.132–133
Porgera Mine—see Porgera Mine
project company, establishment of, YB95.134
risks associated with mining
Pancontinental Mining Ltd v Goldfields Ltd, lack of information in Part A Statement, YB95.572–574
sovereign risk, YB95.177
special mining lease, YB95.140
state equity in mining projects, YB95.135–139
advantages and disadvantages, YB95.137
conflict with environment regulation, YB95.138
landowners, entitlement to equity, YB95.138
Mining Act 1992, statutory recognition in, YB95.135
Porgera Mine, confrontation in relation to, YB95.155–156
statutory discretions, undertakings in relation to, YB95.161–162
taxes, YB95.134
additional profits tax on mining, YB95.137
foreign contractor, withholding taxes, YB95.150-151, YB95.163
Income Tax Act 1959, amendment of, YB95.158
Mineral Resources Stabilization Fund, moneys paid into, YB95.156–158
mining development, calculation in relation to, YB95.156–158
Parer Report,YB04.389, YB04.404
upstream issues, YB04.387, YB04.413
access to facilities, YB04.414–15
acreage management, YB04.415
separate marketing, YB04.413–14
Parliamentary Treaties Committee
proposed agreement with Kazakhstan, J98.2-4
report on convention on combating bribery, J98.79-80
Part A Statement, YB96.404-406
content requirements, YB95.566–568
Pan Continental Mining Ltd v Goldfields Ltd, examination in—see Pan Continental Mining Ltd v Goldfields Ltd
guidelines for, YB95.584
Partnering
Australia, use of concept in, YB95.130
contract, aims and objectives in, YB95.116
facilitation of project, YB95.116
good faith, concept of, YB95.117
agreement by parties, definition and codification in, YB95.118–119
codification by government, YB95.117
enforcement, YB95.118
performance, YB95.117
Renard Constructions (ME) Pty Ltd v Minister for Public Works, decision in, YB95.117
major projects, relevance to, YB95.114–116
time bars in contract, approach to, YB95.119
Partnership(s)
definition, YB03.102
fiduciary duty, see Fiduciary duty
fiduciary duties, YB04.116, YB04.120
joint venture distinguished, YB94.369
jurisdiction of wardens Court, J01.17-19
project vehicle, as, YB03.102–103, YB03.161
public private, see Public private partnerships
termination, J02.19-20
Pastoral lease, B96.1–2, B96.15, B96.91, B96.162–163, J00.86-87
aboriginal occupied, J00.87
access protocols, J00.265
access rights, YB02.105
statutory, YB02.116
authorisation for, YB02.120
co-existence, YB02.109, YB02.112, YB02.119
legal relationship, YB02.110
common law, at, YB02.109
effect of, YB02.142, YB02.143, YB02.150, YB02.152, YB02.165
exclusive possession, YB02.109, YB02.198, YB02.207
exploration titles (NT), B96.109
extinguishing native title, B95.89–92, B95.221–224
extinguishment of native title, YB02.135, YB02.143, YB02.146, YB02.161, YB02.165, YB02.167, YB02.175, YB02.190, YB02.191, YB02.194, YB02.198, YB02.200-202, YB02.207
grant of, YB02.109, YB02.147
land subject to, YB02.109
mining leases on, where native title claim, J00.108, J00.261
native title, effect on, J00.86-87, J00.190-191, J00.262-263
Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993, extinguishment under, YB95.501–502
recent issues in relation to—see Waanyi Peoples’ Native Title Application; Wik Peoples v the State of Queensland
non-exclusive possession, YB02.117
Northern Territory, B96.108–109
Ord River Project, J00.89-90
production tenements (NT), B96.109
title, YB02.109
priority of, YB02.109
validity of, YB02.147, YB02.152, YB02.200-201
Ward, under, see Ward
Western Lands Lease, J00.190-191
Wik case, J00.86-87, J00.190-191
Wik, under, see Wik
Patents, YB00.346-347
see also Intellectual property rights
new mining technologies, YB00.342-358
Payment
debt recovery, YB04.170
dispute resolution, see Dispute resolution
legislative reforms, YB04.157, YB04.176
New South Wales, YB04.158
“no contracting out”, YB04.177–8
performance of contract and, YB04.179–80
Queensland, YB04.159
Victoria, YB04.158–9
Western Australia, YB04.159
“pay when paid” clauses, YB04.164
abolition, YB04.164–5
progress
claiming, YB04.167–9
responding to claims, YB04.169
right to, YB04.165–7
suspension of work, YB04.170–1
Penal jurisdiction
international conventions, J99.24-25
offshore units, J99.24-25
Penalties, YB93.5–6
environmental offences
New Zealand, YB93.425
pollution offences, YB93.297, YB93.331
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
advice on China related matters, YB03.201
arbitral awards, enforcement of, YB03.195–198
arbitration, YB03.191–195
Australia-China trade, background to, YB03.200–201
breach or anticipatory breach
liability for, YB03.186
where breach occurs, YB03.215
choice of law
Australian law, YB03.202
issue in contracting, YB03.208
contract language, YB03.184–186
Chinese language versions, YB03.185
English language versions, YB03.184
execution in English and Chinese, YB03.185
contracts
Australian companies doing business in China, YB03.210
Australian jurisdiction and, YB03.214
export of Australian goods to China, YB03.209
when and where made, YB03.215
damages, YB03.188
dispute resolution, YB03.190–195
energy demand, YB03.169
enforcement of Australian court judgments in, YB03.216–217
force majeure relief, YB03.187
foreign invested enterprises (FIE)
domestic trading activities by, YB03.211
international trade from China, YB03.212
foreign investment
encouraged categories, YB03.170
investment structures, YB03.171
levels of investment, restrictions on, YB03.171
restricted categories, YB03.170
restriction on, YB03.170
foreign-related trading, YB03.207
freedom of contract, YB03.208
governing law, YB03.182–184
failure to specify, YB03.184
joint and several liability, YB03.189
jurisdiction
Australian, YB03.214
choice for export of goods contracts, YB03.216
legal framework on transnational contracting, YB03.203–205
legal risks, managing, YB03.199–218
liquidated damages, YB03.188
mediation, YB03.190
negligence, liability for, YB03.189
oil and gas industry
exploration and production, YB03.173
importing and exporting, YB03.173
Open door policy, YB03.207
PRC Law
contract requirements, YB03.183
liability regime under, YB03.186–190
preference of foreigners for law other than, YB03.183
remedies, YB03.187
price regulation, YB03.176
project approvals, YB03.173–176
construction, YB03.175
environmental, YB03.175
feasibility study report, YB03.174
joint venture project company, establishment of, YB03.174
land, YB03.174
proposal approval, YB03.174
safety, YB03.176
project rate of return, YB03.176
regulatory regime, YB03.172–177
risk management
contracting, of, YB03.201
legal risks, YB03.199–218
specific performance, YB03.187
tendering, YB03.177–182
tendering and bidding law, YB03.177–182
Vienna Convention on International Sale of Goods
adoption as governing law of contracts, YB03.217–218
application in China, YB03.205–206
contract of special project involving supply of goods and services under, YB03.213
costly and humiliating errors, YB03.202–203
cross-border contracts, YB03.206
‘‘goods’’, contracts involving, YB03.206
opting out of, YB03.210
scope of application, YB03.206–207
WTO commitments in oil and gas industry, YB03.172
Performance bonds
construction contractors, from, YB03.117
definition, YB03.111
project finance, in, YB03.111
Permits
environmental requirements, YB93.22–23
mineral, YB93.427
petroleum exploration, see Petroleum exploration
Perpetuities
rule against, YB93.230–231, YB93.232, YB93.233, YB93.240
Personal information
access to, right of, YB02.506
collection of, YB02.502-505
consent for, YB02.503
determination of, YB02.502-503
employment records, YB02.504
handling of, YB02.500, YB02.502
minimum standards for, YB02.499, YB02.502
overseas transfer of, YB02.505-506
privacy of, YB02.499
application of legislation, YB02.508
exemptions, YB02.503-506
National Privacy Principles, see National Privacy Principles
Privacy Act, see Privacy Act
transborder data flow, YB02.500
transfer between related bodies corporate, YB02.503-504
use of, YB02.502, YB02.503
what constitutes, YB02.502-503
Petroleum—see also Exploration; Downstream petroleum industry; Offshore petroleum; Petroleum exploration
access arrangement, J04.145-146
accessibility, YB96.579
accumulation, YB96.241, YB96.242
acquisition of property, J98.7-10
administration reforms offshore, J98.82-83
alien tort claims, see tort
amendments to Victorian regime, J98.371-372
appraisal drilling, YB96.265-267
Australian Offshore Petroleum Strategy, J99.99-100
Cth legislation amendments, J99.100-101
Compensation, see compensation
compensation acquisition of property, J98.7-10
compensation for loss, J98.86
contamination, see contamination
criminal liability offshore, J02.104-110
definition, YB96.235, YB96.285
development drilling, YB96.272-273
development drilling statistics, YB94.227
energy charter agreement, J97.97-98
environment, J02.106-107
environmental protection, YB96.462-463
exploration, YB96.243-253
production and practices, YB96.462-463
exploration application, YB96.288-290
exploration drilling, YB96.256-264
exploration drilling and seismic statistics, YB94.229
exploration licence, YB96.290-296, YB96.312
non compliance, YB96.298
exploration licence rights, J01.4
exploration permits
offshore petroleum, YB94.317
property, whether, YB94.550
onshore petroleum, YB94.318
Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth—see Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth
export, YB94.237
field abandonment, YB96.282
field depletion, YB96.274
Floating Production, Storage and Offtake Services Agreements, J03.68-484
foreign investment
Senate Select Committee recommendations, YB94.233
statistics, YB94.231
gas, YB96.238-239
generation, YB96.239-240
indigenous groups
American Indian tribes, YB01.426
Maori claims to see Maori claims to petroleum
Indonesia, see Indonesia
Indonesia maritime boundaries, J97.99
infrastructure licences, J99.100
joint venture agreements, see joint ventures
joint ventures, see also joint ventures
offtake of product, YB01.348
scope of, YB01.348
third party use of facilities, YB01.348
unincorporated, YB01.139, YB01.347-348
legal character of resource titles, J98.86
LPG contract, YB96.309
Maori claims to, see Maori claims to petroleum
marine parks and reserves, J97.192, J97.279-291
market, J04.195-200
ministerial statement (Vic), J04.30-31
National Offshore Petroleum Authority, J04.213-214
native title agreements, see native title
natural gas contract, YB96.308-309
New Zealand, YB93.421–422
Northwest Shelf project authorisation, J98.379-390
occurrence, YB96.241
offshore facilities
occupational health and safety, J04.133-134
offshore industry, J03.468-484
offshore legislation, J98.346
offshore petroleum exploration strategy, YB94.248
offtake agreements, YB01.348-349
oil, YB96.237, YB96.238
ownership, YB96.286-287
ownership, in Australia and New Zealand, YB01.427-429
offshore units see Offshore units
onshore application, J98.85-86
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth), YB94.246–248
Petroleum and Gas (Production and Safety) Bill 2004 (Qld), J04.128-130
Petroleum and Other Legislation Amendment Bill (Qld), J04.223-224
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) (Amendment) Bill (Vic), J04.133-134
pipeline access, J97.196
pipeline easements, J97.191
pipeline licences, J99.101
production, YB96.269
production licence, YB96.304-306
products, YB96.307-308
quality standards, J03.28-32
refining, YB96.282
registration, J98.86
regulation of offshore installations and seabed activities, J98.109-137
reserve estimates, YB96.269-271
resource rent tax, J97.14
risk assessment, YB96.254-256
safety, J02.107-109
safety regulations, J97.15
sale of interest, YB96.298-303
seismic policy, J97.2
statutory regulation, YB96.287-288
taxation—see Mining taxation
tenement, YB96.298-299
Timor Gap, J97.191
Timor Gap Agreement, J01.132-136
Timor Sea concession area, see Timor Sea
trade practices, see restrictive trade practices
transportation, YB96.271, YB96.309-311
treatise on petroleum law, J97.96-97
treatment, YB96.274
value, YB96.235
well stimulation, YB96.268-269
Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth—see Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth
work programs, waiver of, J99.1, J99.99
World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983, YB94.235
Petroleum Act 1940 (SA)
amendment by Petroleum (Pipeline Licences) Amendment Act 1993
commencement, B94.11
“pipeline”, B94.11
“pipeline licence”, B94.11
“to construct”, B94.11
“to operate”, B94.11
Petroleum Act 2000 (SA)
approval of dealings, YB00.576-577
comparison with other petroleum legislation, YB00.558-560
consistency between jurisdictions, YB00.559-560
gas supply, security of, YB00.564-566
geothermal energy regulation, YB00.567
history, YB00.557
information
government audits, YB00.572
ministerial use of, YB00.573-574
provision of, YB00.572-573
registers, YB00.573
objective regulation, YB00.560-561
environmental impact, levels of, YB00.562-563
levels of regulatory intervention, YB00.561-566
ministerial discretion, YB00.563-565
official supervision, levels of, YB00.561-562
one window to government approach, YB00.566
purpose, YB00.558
registration of dealings, YB00.576-577
resources regulated by, YB00.567
third party access provisions, YB00.574-576
gas storage reservoirs, YB00.574-576
transmission pipelines, YB00.574
titles, see also Petroleum titles
commerciality requirements, YB00.571-572, YB00.578
information regarding, YB00.572-574
minor licences, YB00.570-571
new forms of, YB00.567-571
production licences, YB00.569-570
registers, YB00.573
retention licences, YB00.567-569
transfers, approval and registration, YB00.576-577
underground gas storage, regulation of, YB00.567, 578
Petroleum Act 1984 (NT)
amendment by Petroleum Amendment Act 1994
access authorities, B94.148
assent, B94.147
obligations on surrender at cessation of title, B94.149
production licence renewal, B94.147–148
release of information, B94.148–149
royalty calculation, B94.149
security for environmental rehabilitation, B94.149–150
standards, B94.149
term of exploration permit, B94.147
amendment in accordance with Native Title (Consequential Amendments) Act 1994
application to Warden for compensation, B94.122
assent, B94.121
compensation, B94.122
intention, B94.121
“land”, B94.121
non-monetary compensation, B94.122
“private land”, B94.122
Petroleum Amendment Act 1995 (Qld)
access principles, YB96.584-585
access to petroleum assets, YB96.581
application, YB96.582-583
Australian competition law, YB96.582
commencement, YB96.582
critique, YB96.592-594
Hilmer Report, YB96.580, YB96.590-591
information duty, YB96.585-586
key features, YB96.587-590
“natural monopoly characteristics”, YB96.580
negotiation, YB96.586-587
open access to pipelines, YB96.580
other States, YB96.591-592
outline, YB96.583
Pt 8, YB96.583-584
reasoning behind Act, YB96.581-582
Trade Practices Act, Pt IIIA, YB96.590-591
Petroleum (Australia-Indonesia Zone of Co-operation) (Consequential Provisions) Act 1990 (Cth)
constitutional validity of, YB94.556
Petroleum companies
directors’ liability under legislation, YB03.524–525
maritime boundary disputes, YB03.403–404
Petroleum exploration
Administrative Guidelines for grant of permit, YB01.445
legality of, YB01.445-447
new, YB01.449, YB01.450
alliancing
East Spar and Wandoo, B96.202–214
alternative permit systems, YB01.454-455
developing nations, system in, YB01.454
environmental impact assessment and off-shore oil, B96.117
expenditure commitment by permittees, YB01.455
Joint Authority
power to cancel permits, YB01.444-445
new guidelines, YB01.449, YB01.450-451
integrity of system, YB01.453
uncertainty under, YB01.453
new regime
administrative, YB01.450-451
legislative, YB01.451-453
offshore oil policy, B96.116
permits
cancellation, power of Joint Authority, YB01.444-445
cash bidding for, YB01.443
enforcement, YB01.444-447
failure to comply with condition, YB01.444
process for grant, YB01.443-444
requirement for, YB01.443
work obligation bidding system, YB01.443-444
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Acts
administration, YB01.443
application, YB01.443
co-operative scheme, YB01.443
Schedule of Specific Requirements, B96.102–103
Shell’s Cornea problem, YB01.447-449
debate on Cornea application, YB01.448
resolution, YB01.449-453
resource access rights, B96.91, B96.149–154, B96.163
United Kingdom, system in, YB01.454
United States, system in, YB01.454
work obligation bidding system, YB01.443-444
sample work obligation set, YB01.444
Petroleum industry
legislation
Cth, see Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth)
consistency between jurisdictions, YB00.559-560
SA, see Petroleum Act 2000 (SA)
uniformity, YB00.559-560
licensing, see Petroleum titles
lifts, GST issues, YB00.454
offshore operations see Offshore petroleum operations
taxation legislation, changes to—see Mining
Petroleum Industry Liaison Committee (SA), B94.146
Petroleum lease
net profits interest, B95.60, B95.61–62
reservation of interest in net profits, B95.61–62
Petroleum legislation
coal seam gas, in relation to (Qld), J00.6-7
overlap with mining legislation, J00.6
Petroleum Bill 1999 (SA), J00.109-110
royalties, J00.193
Victoria, J00.200-203
Petroleum licences
access authorisation regimes, YB03.593–594
licence area, exploration outside
New South Wales, YB03.590
Northern Territory, YB03.589–590
Queensland, YB03.590–591
Victoria, YB03.589
Western Australia, YB03.590
offshore, YB03.591–592
Petroleum pipeline
compensation test case (Qld), J00.4-5
impact of pipeline, J00.5
valuation methodologies, J00.5
pipeline survey licence (SA), J00.109
third party access (SA), J00.110
Petroleum Regulation 1987 (WA)
amendment by Petroleum Amendment Regulations 1994
commencement, B94.154
“federal duty”, B94.154
Petroleum Royalties Legislation Amendment Act 1994 (WA)
assent, B94.154
“royalty value”, B94.154
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth) (PSLA)
action discretion, YB04.3
administrative authorisations, YB04.7
Administrative Guidelines, YB04.27
amendments, YB00.114-115, YB00.191
breaches, penalties for, YB00.107-108
Commonwealth-State negotiations, YB04.32
complex detail in, YB04.2, YB04.6
complexity of regime, YB04.8
comprehensive statutory code, as, YB00.92-95
`concessionary' regime, YB00.93-94
content discretion, YB04.3
contractual regime compared, YB00.100-101
definitions, YB04.2–3
delegation in, YB04.6
directions under s 101, YB04.7
discretion
action, YB04.3
content, YB04.3
definition, YB04.2–3
discretionary powers, YB04.1, YB04.2
face of the Act, on, YB04.9–25
industry's attitude to, YB04.38–42
judicial review, YB04.10
practice, in, YB04.9–25
research hypotheses, YB04.3–4
trend to reduce, YB04.26–30
who wants discretionary powers, YB04.30
effectiveness, YB00.107-110, YB00.119-121
environmental regulation, YB00.121
evaluation, YB00.91-137
extent of, YB04.4
Federal-State rivalry, YB04.32
flexibility of regime, YB00.100-107
future of, YB00.119-121
German regime compared, YB00.101-103
Government perspective, YB00.112-124
guidelines, YB04.13, YB04.37–8
history, YB00.113-115
low level of Parliamentary interest in administration of, YB04.33
mirror State legislation, YB00.93, YB00.175
negotiated behaviour, allowing for, YB00.109
occupational health and safety powers, YB04.28
Offshore Constitutional Settlement, YB00.114, YB00.115
origin, consequences of, YB04.6–7
overview, YB00.92-95, YB00.126, YB00.175-176
ownership of offshore petroleum, YB00.95
penalties for breach, YB00.107-108
plain English, YB04.42
plain English, re-writing in, YB00.92, YB00.137
powers
Commonwealth Department guidance as to exercise of, YB04.27
new, YB04.28
removal of, YB04.27
prescription
definition, YB04.3
prescriptive provisions, YB04.2
proposed re-write, YB00.124, YB00.137
purpose statement, YB00.136
regulation making power, YB04.28
reviews, YB00.115-119
competition policy principles, against, YB00.118-119
petroleum resource rent tax, YB00.117-118
Stakeholder Survey (1997), YB00.116-117
rewriting, YB04.2, YB04.42
safety management, YB00.121-122
security of titles under, YB00.96-100, YB00.130
Senate Committee review of, YB04.32–3
structural deficiencies, YB00.126
UK approach contrasted, YB00.92-111
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Legislation Amendment Act 1994 (Cth)
companies, liability for operations, B94.97
consolidation of fees Acts, B94.97
inconsistency in territorial sea boundary created by Zone of Co-operation, B94.97
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Regulations 1990 (WA)
amendment by Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Amendment Regulations 1994
commencement, B94.154
Petroleum titles
associated facilities licence (SA), J00.109, YB00.570
bidding agreement, YB00.132
cash bidding, YB00.127, YB00.129
commerciality requirements (SA), YB00.571-572, YB00.578
conditions, YB00.105-106
criminal offence of exploring or exploiting without, YB00.95
replacing with civil remedies, YB00.99-100
dealings, approval of, YB00.131-135
dealings in, J00.59-66, J00.110
application for approval, J00.59-60
approval, J00.59-66, J00.110
dealing constituted by more than one instrument, J00.62-63
definition of dealing, J00.60-61
instruments with more than one dealing, J00.62-63
notice, J00.68-69
oral dealings, J00.63-64
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth), under, J00.59-66
registration, J00.59-66, J00.110
s 81, effect of, J00.64-66
exploration permits, basis for granting, YB00.127-128
extension, YB00.103-104
grant by Joint Authority, YB00.94, YB00.105-106, YB00.127-130
basis for, YB00.127-128
discretionary, whether, YB00.106, YB00.107, YB00.128
infrastructure licences, YB00.116, YB00.135-136
joint operating agreement, YB00.133-134
minor licences (SA), J00.109, YB00.570-571
Petroleum Act 2000 (SA), new forms under, YB00.567-571
pipeline survey licence (SA), J00.109
priorities, J00.66-69
applicable rules, J00.66-68
contractual rights, J00.69
notice of transfers and dealings, J00.68-69
producer responsibility for security of supply, J00.110
production licence
development outside area of, YB00.135-136, YB00.570
requirements (SA), YB00.569-570
register of, J00.54, J00.68
registers (SA), YB00.573
retention licences (SA), J00.109, YB00.567-569
revocation by Commonwealth, YB00.96-97
application of s 51(xxxi) of Constitution, YB00.97, YB00.98
rule of rupture, YB00.104
security, YB00.96-100, YB00.130
special access authority (Vic), YB00.570
speculative survey licence (SA), J00.109, YB00.570
statutory regime
Cth, see Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth)
SA, see Petroleum Act 2000 (SA)
transfer, J00.54-59
becoming registered holder, J00.56-58
co-holder, rights, J00.59
mortgage, by, J00.57-58
notice, J00.68-69
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth), under, J00.54-59
registered holder, importance of being, J00.54-55
rights of holders inter-se, J00.58-59
unregistered transfer, J00.58
transfer of title, YB00.130-131
approval, YB00.131-132
unitisation, YB00.103-107, YB00.122-123
work program bidding, YB00.123-124, YB00.127, YB00.129-130
Picketing, J00.128-133
court, taking claim to, J00.130-133
balance of convenience, J00.130-131
evidence gathering, J00.132-133
identification of participants, J00.131-132
enterprise bargaining, use in, J00.129
general guidelines, J00.128-129
police, role of, J00.133
tortious, J00.129-133
Pipelines
sale of assets
Authority of South Australia, B95.99
Commonwealth, B95.41–59
Piper Alpha disaster, YB96.476, YB96.507-511, YB96.534-535
Piracy, see also Maritime terrorism
bulk cargo, YB04.282–3
choke points, YB04.281–2
force majeure clauses, YB04.317, YB04.319
impact, YB04.280–1
economic, YB04.281–2
insurance, YB04.319–20
international agreements and conventions, YB04.283–4
Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA), YB04.283–4
International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, YB04.284
South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO), YB04.285
United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, YB04.284
maritime trade, importance of, YB04.276, YB04.317
recent history, YB04.279–81
smuggling and, YB04.280
targets, YB04.280
vessels in distress
pretence of, YB04.318–19
seafaring law, YB04.318, YB04.320
Pleadings
late changes to, YB03.20, YB03.21
Pohokura gas field
joint marketing authorisation, draft determination on, YB03.623–624
Australia, impact on, YB03.641
background, YB03.624–625
benefits of joint marketing, YB03.635
competition, substantially lessening, YB03.629–635
competitive market, development of, YB03.633–634
conditions, YB03.635–638
evolution of market, YB03.628
feasibility of separate marketing, YB03.626–627
future exploration and production, impact on, YB03.638–641
intrinsic detriments, YB03.633
market characteristics, YB03.627–628
preference for separate marketing, YB03.630–631
process, YB03.624–625
specific competition detriments, YB03.632–633
Poland
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.252
Political risk, YB03.152–153
Pollution, see also Contaminated land
definition, YB93.296
international conventions, J99.25-26
offences, YB93.297, YB93.331
offshore units
civil jurisdiction, J99.24
liability, J99.25-26
Offshore Pollution Liability Agreement, J99.26
Pollution control licences
certificates of compliance (NSW), B96.9
load-based licensing (NSW), B96.10
Porgera mine (Papua New Guinea)
agreements, development of, YB95.146
compensation for development, YB95.169–170
development forum, reconciliation of interests through, YB95.146–148
employment programme, adoption of, YB95.173–174
environmental plan, negotiation of, YB95.172
financing of project, YB95.170–171
foreign capital, access to, YB95.148–150
joint venture, establishment as, YB95.135–136
land, access to, YB95.142–143
local business, development of, YB95.174
mining development contract, YB95.141-143, YB95.153, YB95.165
additional equity, YB95.154
gold, provision for refining of, YB95.166–167
infrastructure facilities, provision of, YB95.165–166
security of tenure, YB95.153
sovereign risk, YB95.177
state equity in, confrontation in relation to, YB95.155–156
taxes, calculation of, YB95.156–158
Portfolio investment theory, YB93.131, YB93.132
Portugal
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.252
Poverty eradication
extractive industry projects, YB04.72–3
World Bank, goal of, YB04.72
Power generation, see Electricity supply
Power projects
Indian power projects, J98.428
Power purchase agreement (PPA)
credit risk
IPP, YB03.363
offtaker, YB03.363
development phase provisions, YB03.338–344
commissioning and acceptance tests, YB03.341
conditions precedent, YB03.338
core technical requirements, YB03.340
failure to achieve acceptance target date, YB03.342
IPP’s development responsibilities, YB03.340
project milestones, YB03.340
re-rating, YB03.343
remedies for default, YB03.342
step-in right, YB03.344
term, YB03.339
termination rights, YB03.343
force majeure, YB03.348–349
risk, YB03.362
general provisions, YB03.348–349
key provisions, YB03.337
law, change in, YB03.349
risk of, YB03.361
limitations of liability, YB03.349
miscellaneous clauses, YB03.349
operations phase provisions, YB03.344–348
available capacity, YB03.345
commencement and term, YB03.344
default during, YB03.347
IPP’s capacity and supply obligations, YB03.345
ongoing tests, YB03.346
outages, YB03.346
power station, operation and maintenance, YB03.346
tariff provisions, YB03.346
title and risk, YB03.346
risk allocation, YB03.356–363
cost overruns, YB03.361
delay in demand risk, YB03.358
delays in power station construction/commissioning, YB03.357
electricity demand risk, YB03.356
electricity transmission risk, YB03.363
financing risk, YB03.362
force majeure, YB03.362
fuel supply risk, YB03.359
gas transport risk, YB03.360
IPP credit risk, YB03.363
law, change in, YB03.361
offtaker credit risk, YB03.363
permitting/approvals risk, YB03.358
tax, change in, YB03.361
unavailability, YB03.360
types, YB03.337
Powers
regulators, of, see Regulators
separation of, YB04.89–90
Precious metals
definition, J99.58
GST, J99.58
Preliminary Environment Assessment
extraneous matter, B95.6
ulterior motives, B95.6
Prescribed body corporate
agent, as, YB02.112
establishment of, YB02.112
functions of, YB02.112
performance of, YB02.112
native title
claims by, YB02.118
holder, YB02.112-113
holder in trust, YB02.112
political entity, YB02.113, YB02.118
purpose of, YB02.112
registration of, YB02.112
role of, YB02.112
system of laws, YB02.113
trustee, as, YB02.112
Price fixing
joint venture exception, YB01.368-369
joint ventures, issues for, YB03.60–62
Pricing
access arrangements, YB04.213–14
Competition Principles Agreement, YB04.214–15
individual access regimes, YB04.216
Productivity Commission, recommendations of, YB04.215
Trade Practices Act, YB04.215
“building block” approach, YB04.217
customer expectation and capital expenditure, YB04.218
electricity sector, YB04.216–19
gas industry, YB04.219–22
joint ventures, YB04.418–20
LNG contracts, YB04.333–5
price reviews, YB04.336–7
Privacy Act
application of, YB02.500-501, YB02.508
binding effect, YB02.502
breach of, YB02.500
compliance, YB02.517
co-regulation, YB02.502
effect of, YB02.517
enforcement of, YB02.500, YB02.506-507
exemptions, YB02.503-506
memorandum of understanding, YB02.507
operation of, YB02.501
penalties, YB02.500
personal information, handling of, YB02.500
transborder data flow, YB02.500
transitional provisions, YB02.508
Privacy Code
approved, YB02.502
development of, YB02.502
process, YB02.502
requirements for, YB02.502
Privacy of information
Contract, see Privity of contract
Legislation, see Privacy Act; Privacy Code
National Privacy Principles, see National Privacy Principles
Personal, see Personal information
public interest, YB02.503
right of, YB02.503
sensitive, see Sensitive information
Privatisation, YB03.143
British Gas, YB95.294–297
electricity market, see Energy industry reform
Victoria, in, see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
facilities of national significance, YB04.181–2
private land
a reserve, J01.127-128
Privilege
mine inspection reports, J99.5
Privity of contract
acquisition contract, YB02.515-516
application of, YB02.500-501
employees, YB02.509
government departments and agencies, YB02.500
indigenous communities, YB02.513
individuals, YB02.508-509
neighbours, YB02.512-513
private sector organisations, YB02.500
shareholders, YB02.512-513
third party service providers, YB02.510
breach of, YB02.500
penalties, YB02.500
confidential agreements, YB02.514-515
due diligence agreements, YB02.514-515
enforcement of, YB02.500
joint venture and operator agreements, YB02.510-512
personal information, see Personal information
resource contracts, YB02.508-516
transborder data flow, YB02.500
Proceeds account, YB03.99
procedural law
jurisdiction, see Land and Resources Tribunal
process engineering
contracts, J03.49-66
risk allocation, J03.49-66
Procurement
construction contracts, YB04.163
Production licence, J00.55
commerciality criterion (SA), J00.109
licensee, definition, J00.55
restriction on area (SA), J00.110
transfer and dealings, see Petroleum titles
Production of documents
ASIC's power to compel, YB04.85
Discovery, see Discovery
Environment Protection Authority's power to compel, YB04.86
limiting disclosure after, YB04.92–5
subpoenas for, see Subpoenas
WorkCover, YB04.86
Productivity Commission
access regimes, review of, see Access regimes
review by, YB02.415-416
Professional indemnity insurance, YB03.123
Profit a prendre
trespass, right of holder to sue in, YB94.325
what is, YB94.315
Project
completion test, YB03.99–100, YB03.155–157
incorporated joint venture, YB03.102
insurance, YB03.123–126
joint venture
incorporated, YB03.102
unincorporated, YB03.103–104
partnership, YB03.102–103
politically volatile areas, in, YB03.152–153
project vehicle, choice of, YB03.101–107, YB03.161–162
risk
process and design, YB03.116–118
technology, YB03.116–117
unincorporated joint venture, YB03.104–107
unit trust, YB03.103–104
Project developers
international standards, role of, YB04.49
Project development
regulation of contamination
New South Wales, YB04.462–3
Northern Territory, YB04.477–8
Queensland, YB04.459–60
South Australia, YB04.471–2
Tasmania, YB04.468–9
Victoria, YB04.465–6
Western Australia, YB04.474–5
Project finance
accounts, YB03.98–99
Asia-Pacific, J03.112-115
background to, YB03.143–144
banks, YB99.2
capital markets lenders, YB99.2
cash flows of project, YB03.95
distribution of, YB03.97–98, YB03.160–161
consent deed, see Consent deed
corporate style financing, distinguished, YB03.85
credit rating, YB03.114–115, YB03.162–163
debt instruments, YB03.107
definitions, YB03.84–85, YB03.142
direct payment obligations, YB03.112–114
equity injection by sponsor, YB03.110–111
feasibility studies, YB03.144
finance planning, YB03.91–116, YB03.151
finance techniques, YB99.3
growth in, YB03.143
hedging, YB03.159–160
insurance, J01.255-257
interest on subordinated loans, YB03.107
internal cash flows, from, YB03.92
letters of comfort, YB03.111–112
market flex clauses, YB03.115–116, YB03.163–164
material adverse change, YB03.115–116
negative pledges, YB03.93–95
non-recourse financing, YB99.3
performance guarantees, YB03.111
project bankability, YB03.85–91, YB03.144–149
project financier, J01.158-160, J01.254-255
project ratios, YB03.95–97, YB03.158–159
project revenues and assets, recourse to, YB03.85
qualified institutional buyers (QIBs), YB99.2-3
raising, YB03.92
ratings for, see Project rating
reasons for use of, YB03.151–154
risk allocation and modification, J01.50-57, J01.155-158, J01.160-163
risk assessment, YB03.85
security, YB03.94, YB03.162, J01.151-152
external collateral, YB03.110
personal covenants, YB03.94
requirement by financiers for, YB03.108–114
sponsor
contribution of funds, YB03.107–108
covenants, impact on, YB03.95, YB03.154
credit worthiness, YB03.142
equity injection by, YB03.110–111
foreign, YB03.108
restrictions impacting on, YB03.93–95, YB03.154
statement of principles, YB03.149
true equity, YB03.107
types, J01.148-150
weaker joint venture partner, YB03.153
what is, YB03.142
Project rating
analytical components, YB99.5-12
choice of law risk, YB99.21-22
collateral risk, YB99.15-17
commodity price volitility, YB99.6
construction risk, YB99.6-10
breach of duty, YB99.7
delay in completion, YB99.7-8
design risk, YB99.7
early completion, YB99.8
force majeure, YB99.8
independent engineer's role, YB99.6-7
investment grade contractor as `equity', YB99.9
mining industry, YB99.9
no blanket contract, YB99.7
resource projects, YB99.9-10
credit rating agencies, YB99.3, YB99.30
criteria for project finance transactions, YB99.1-28
enforceability and collateral risk, YB99.15-17
environment and heritage risk, YB99.19-20
foreign currency rating, YB99.17-18
future flow transactions, YB99.1, YB99.22-26
ability to produce, YB99.24-25
financial performance of company, YB99.24
importance to industry, YB99.24
importance to sovereign, YB99.24
legal framework, YB99.25-26
local currency issuer credit rating, YB99.23
operating performance of company, YB99.25
other companies, treatment of, YB99.25
structure of company, YB99.25
structure of finance, YB99.22
willingness to produce, YB99.24-25
heads of risk, YB99.4
host country risk, YB99.17-18
economic troubles, YB99.18
environment/heritage issues, YB99.19-20
foreign currency rating, YB99.17-18
tax issues, YB99.20-21
in-house credit assessment, YB99.4
investment banker's perspective, YB99.29-41
investment grade, YB99.1, YB99.3
resource companies, YB99.31-32, YB99.37
legal and political regime, YB99.4
legal risk, YB99.13-22
long term ratings, YB99.30-31
nationally recognised statistical rating organisation (NRSRO), YB99.3
need for, YB99.2-3
non-investment grade, YB99.3, YB99.31
resource companies, YB99.37
operating and technology risk, YB99.10-12
O&M agreement, YB99.10, YB99.21
resource projects, YB99.11-12
vulnerability to sponsor insolvency, YB99.10-11
ore body risk, YB99.12
physical nature of project, YB99.5
project economics, YB99.5-6
ratings committee presentation, YB99.27
resource projects, YB99.1, YB99.37-41
case study, YB99.38-41
company credit ratings, YB99.29-41
construction risk, YB99.9-10
debt service resource funds, YB99.12
investment grade companies, YB99.31-32
investors' use of ratings, YB99.35-36
labour problems, YB99.12
operating and technology risk, YB99.11-12
ore body risk, YB99.12
project economics, YB99.6
ratings process, YB99.34-35
sovereign risk, YB99.17-18
economic troubles, YB99.18
environment/heritage issues, YB99.19-20
foreign currency rating, YB99.17-18
government incentives, YB99.18
tax issues, YB99.20-21
special purpose entity (SPE), YB99.13
anti-filing mechanism, YB99.14-15
bankruptcy-remote, YB99.3
definition, YB99.13
merger with lower-rated entity, YB99.14
prohibition of lower-rated debt, YB99.14
single purpose restriction, YB99.13
Standard & Poor's rating process, YB99.27-28
structural risk, YB99.13-15
tax and regulatory risk, YB99.20-21
technology risk, YB99.10-12
what is, YB99.1, YB99.2
PRMFA, YB96.351, YB96.354, YB96.376
Promise
breach of, YB02.14
damages, YB02.14, YB02.16
express, YB02.40
reliance on, YB02.14, YB02.16
specific, YB02.15, YB02.16
Promissory estoppel, YB96.369-371
breach of duty to negotiate, YB02.14
Proper purpose
exercise of powers for, YB04.87–8
Property
definition J00.197
Law of reforms (NT), J00.193-194
legal concept of, YB94.543
mining lease as, J00.197
ownership of, YB02.177
absolute, YB02.177
vested in the Crown, YB02.177
Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth—see Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth
Prosecution
mine health and safety law breaches, J99.104-105
Prospecting—see also Mining
permit, YB93.427
Prospecting licences
applications by companies, B96.165–167
application for, in area surrendered from exploration licence, B94.155
exemption from expenditure conditions, B94.115
compliance with expenditure conditions, B96.17, B96.135–136
conversion to mining lease, B96.165–167
environmental objections, J01.126
marking-out, B96.130
objections, B96.135
objection to application where land amalgamated in exploration licence, B94.155–156
plaint for forfeiture (WA), J00.12
under Mining Amendment Act 1994 (WA), B96.12
Western Australia, B96.174
Prospecting licences (WA)
exemption from expenditure conditions, J99.13-15
forfeiture, J99.13
joint venture, J99.13-15
marking out of application, J99.118-119
non-judicial function by Warden, J99.13
special licence, application for, J99.217-219
objection by existing licence holder, J99.217-219
Prospective licence
application for exemption from expenditure conditions, B95.21–22, B95.22–23
application objected to for collusion, B95.19, B95.184–185
conversion of primary tenement, B95.20
costs where frivolous or vexatious objection to application, B95.19
future expenditure requirements, B95.23
marking out in accordance with Act, B95.19
non-compliance with expenditure conditions, B95.17–19
obligation on applicants to show no detriment to objector if granted, B95.20
objection to application for exemption from expenditure conditions, B95.21
public interest not a criterion for refusal by Warden, B95.184–185
refused where would interfere with development of nearby programmes, B95.20–21
special licences (s 70(1) Mining Act 1978 (WA)), B95.20
Processing
cost of, B95.6–7
Prospecting permits (Qld)
Land and Resources Tribunal constitution, J99.78
Prospectus
electronic form, YB00.410
exemptions, YB00.409
licensed dealers, offers through, YB00.409
small scale offers, YB00.409
sophisticated investors, YB00.409, YB00.413
mining company IPO, YB00.505-511
consents, YB00.508-509
contents, YB00.505-506
expert reports, YB00.508-509
general disclosure obligation, YB00.505-506
materiality, YB00.510-511
projections and forecasts, YB00.506-507
registration process, abolition, YB00.410
PSLA, YB96.513-516, YB96.533
Public bodies
carrying on a business, YB02.439
functions, exercise of, YB02.422
liability for, YB02.423
liability of, YB02.423
cause of action for, YB02.423
compensation, see Compensation
contracts, in, YB02.423
damages, see Damages
limitation of, YB02.442
statutory immunities, YB02.440-443
torts, in, YB02.423
misfeasance in public office, see Misfeasance
misleading or deceptive conduct, see Misleading or
deceptive conduct
negligence of, see Negligence
powers, YB02.421
discretionary, YB02.421
exercise of, YB02.422-423, YB02.440
good faith, in, YB02.440
statutory duty, breach of, YB02.424, YB02.429-430
damages for, YB02.424, YB02.429
trade or commerce, in, YB02.439
unlawful activity by, YB02.423, YB02.425, YB02.443
Public company
financial reporting, YB02.345-346
Public facilities
access to, YB02.121
Public interest
access arrangements and, YB04.181–2
assessment, YB04.197–8
effect on government contracts, YB93.145–150, YB93.182–192—see also
Sovereign risk, executive necessity
meaning, J99.215
mining lease, objection to, J00.118-120
Minister’s discretion under Mining Act, J99.32-24
objections to mining leases (WA), J99.15-20, J99.28-41, J99.214-217
Public interest immunity, YB93.396–400—see also Inspection
Public liability insurance, YB03.123
Public officer
duty of care, breach of, YB02.430
damages for, YB02.430
functions of, exercise of, YB02.422
liability for, YB02.423
liability of, YB02.423, YB02.424
cause of action, YB02.423-424
compensation, see Compensation
contracts, in, YB02.423
damages, see Damages
limitation of, YB02.442
statutory immunities, YB02.440-443
torts, in, YB02.423
misfeasance of, see Misfeasance
negligence of, see Negligence
powers of, YB02.421
discretionary, YB02.421
exercise of, YB02.422-423, YB02.440
good faith, in, YB02.440
statutory duty of, breach of, YB02.424, YB02.429-430
damages for, YB02.424, YB02.429
unlawful activity by, YB02.423, YB02.425, YB02.443
Public officials
objections to decisions of
Australian culture, YB00.246-247
judicial view of public power, YB00.248
natural resource projects, see Objections to natural resource projects
Public participation
extractive industry projects, in, YB04.74
Public private partnerships
asset utilisation, YB03.72
Australian experience, YB03.73–76
Commonwealth, YB03.76
New South Wales, YB03.75
Northern Territory, YB03.76
Queensland, YB03.75
South Australia, YB03.76
Tasmania, YB03.75
Victoria, YB03.75
Western Australia, YB03.76
benefits, YB03.80–81
broad spectrum and flexibility, YB03.69
build own operate transfer (BOOT) model, YB03.68
catalyst for change to, YB03.70
challenges of, YB03.81–83
competition, YB03.73
contractual structure, YB03.77–79
definition, YB03.67
design build finance maintain (DBFM) model, YB03.68
design construct maintain model, YB03.69
financing
requirements, YB03.80
structure, YB03.72
government, contracting with, YB03.77–78
history, YB03.73
joint venture model, YB03.68
models, YB03.67–69
optimal risk allocation, YB03.71–72
outsourcing, YB03.69
policy documents, content of, YB03.77
private finance initiative (PFI) model, YB03.68
privatisation, YB03.69
public and private roles, reassessment of, YB03.70
reasons for using, YB03.70
risk allocation, YB03.78–80
secrets of success, YB03.83
summary, YB03.66
value for money, YB03.70–71, YB03.80–81
whole of life approach, YB03.72
Public utility providers
Longford case, consequences of, YB03.579–581
Purchase of coal assets, see Coal assets, sale and purchase
Purchaser
environmental matters—see Risk sharing
special conditions, YB93.44–52
Consolidated Index: Q
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Qualified institutional buyers (QIBs)
project finance, YB99.2-3
ratings for, see Project rating
Quarries
Code of Practice (Tasmania), B94.109
logging companies, use of (Tas), J00.8
residences, effect on (Tas), J00.8
Quarrying industry
taxation legislation, changes to—see Mining
Queensland
environmental protection, YB96.450-454
freedom of information, YB95.524
Environmental Protection Act 1994 (Qld), in relation to, YB95.528
Inquiry into Improper Disposal of Liquid Waste, YB95.524
native title legislation, YB94.14
Queensland Native Title Tribunal
appeals from, YB94.16
establishment of, YB94.15
President, YB94.16
Queensland Cost Island Declaratory Act 1985
inconsistency with Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), B94.72
Queensland Land Tribunal
first report of, B94.137
Melville claim for land rights, B94.137–143
“connection”, B94.140
evidence of connection, B94.140–142
“group”, B94.139, B94.142
“traditional affiliation”, B94.139, B94.142
Queensland Minerals and Energy Department
statement of intention to take firmer line against mining lessees who “real estate” holdings, B95.92–94
Queensland Warden’s Court
compensation proceedings, B96.122, B96.167–168
powers and procedures, B96.122
Consolidated Index: R
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
R v Sparrow
aboriginal rights, YB02.211, YB02.215, YB02.217
existence of, YB02.216
infringement of, YB02.215, YB02.216
proof of existence, YB02.216
Race
High Court consideration of concept of, YB94.55
Racial discrimination
definition, YB94.37
International Convention on—see International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth)—see also Native title; Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), YB94.37
constitutional validity of provisions, YB94.37
effect on native title, YB02.132
enjoyment of human rights, equality in, YB94.39
International Convention
legislative effect to provisions of, YB94.38
ratification of, YB94.38
Mabo (No 1), consideration of provisions in, YB94.39
potential to invalidate dispositions of land, B94.29, B94.32
potential to invalidate instruments of title, B94.41, B94.72, B94.74, B94.125, B94.159
prohibition of racial discrimination by s 9, YB94.39
right to compensation, B94.39, B94.72, B94.75, B94.159
section 9, YB94.39
section 10, YB94.39
validity, B94.160
validity of state legislation challenged under
Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA), B94.12
Fisheries and Oyster Farms (General) Regulation (NSW), B94.15
Rail access
Hamersley Iron decision, YB99.539, YB99.541-545
private and public utilities, YB99.548
production process
definition, YB99.548-549
railway line as part of, YB99.542-544, YB99.548-549
protected contractual right, YB99.544-545
Queensland, J02.17
Rail Access Corp decision, YB99.545-547
regimes, YB99.549-550
service
distinction between facility and, YB99.547-548
meaning, YB99.542-543
whether railway line is, YB99.542-543
Trade Practices Act
Pt IIIA, YB99.539, 540
s 46, YB99.549
Rail line access, J99.131-151, J99.169-173
certification declaration criteria, J99.147-151
declaration applications, J99.131-136
declaration criteria, J99.138-146
Hamersley Iron case, J99.130, J99.169, YB99.539, YB99.541-545
NSW, J99.146-147
NT/SA, J99.147
private and public utilities, YB99.548
production process, J99.170-171
definition, YB99.548-549
railway line as part of, YB99.542-544, YB99.548-549
protected contractual rights, YB99.544-545
Qld, J99.147
Rail Acces Corp decision, YB99.545-547
regimes, YB99.549-550
service
distinction between facility and, YB99.547-548
meaning, YB99.542-543
whether railway line is, YB99.542-543
“service”, what constitutes, J99.132-136, J99.169-173
Trade Practices Act
Pt IIIA, YB99.539, YB99.540
s 46, YB99.549
WA, J99.147
railway
third party access to, J04.39-44
Raw material supply
construction contracts, YB04.163
Realised value, YB93.259
Reasonableness
good faith, for, YB02.32, YB02.35-37, YB02.39, YB02.41-42
implied term, YB02.32, YB02.35--37, YB02.39
breach of, YB02.41
Reasons for decisions, YB01.257-260
Receiver
Appointment, see also Receivership
circumstances permitting, YB99.44
courts' jurisdiction, YB99.44
holder of security, by, YB99.44
improper, YB99.131-133
multiple appointments, YB99.49
out of court, YB99.44
prior chargee, by, YB99.134-135
proper, YB99.130-131
receiver and manager, YB99.46-48
duties and obligations, YB99.133
improper appointment, consequences, YB99.131-133
aggravated damages, YB99.132
compensatory damages, YB99.131-132
consequential loss, YB99.132-133
exemplary damages, YB99.132
nominal damages, YB99.132
indemnity, right of, YB99.54-55
liability, YB99.51-55, YB99.128
post-appointment contracts, YB99.53
pre-appointment contracts, YB99.51, YB99.69-70
pre-appointment leases, YB99.51-53
property, in relation to, YB99.69-70
powers, YB99.55-56
sale, power of, YB99.134
qualifications, YB99.50-51
receiver and manager, YB99.46-48
registered liquidator, YB99.50
sale of property, YB99.134-135
Receivers and managers
consent deed, see Consent deed
failure to perform contract, YB03.137
hiring agreements, YB03.135
leases, YB03.135
personal liability, YB03.136
Receivership
appointment of receiver, see Receiver
controller, YB99.47
creditors, effect on, YB99.59-68
secured creditors, YB99.61-63
demand for payment, YB99.133
development of regime, YB99.43
directors and officers, effect on, YB99.55-57
dispute as to exercise of powers, YB99.56
receiver's right to exercise powers, YB99.55-56
report as to companies affairs, YB99.57
investigating accountant, YB99.50
nature of remedy, YB99.128-129
priority of debts, YB99.129
Commissioner of Taxation, priority, YB99.129
employee claims, YB99.129
procedural requirements, YB99.129-130
property owners and lessors, effect on, YB99.68-72
receiver's liability for rent, YB99.69-70
pre-receivership contract, YB99.68-69
qualifications of appointee, YB99.50-51
receiver, see Receiver
receiver and manager, YB99.46-48
appointment, YB99.46
power to appoint, YB99.47-48
receiver distinguished, YB99.47
resources company, YB99.128-136
sale of property
permitted purchasers, YB99.135
power of sale, YB99.134
prior chargee, YB99.134-135
secured creditors, effect on, YB99.61-63
disposal of property, YB99.62-63
mortgages, YB99.62
timing requirements, YB99.129-130
Reduction of capital
cancellation of shares, YB01.42
dual listed company structure, YB01.461
minority shareholder activity, YB01.44
requirements for, YB01.42
special resolutions, YB01.42-43
takeover effected by, YB01.42-44
referral of questions of law
access agreements, J03.15-16
refused where no agreement as to facts, J02.127-128
Registration
equitable interests, J01.38-42
indefeasibility, J01.38-44
Mining Act (WA), J01.36-45
priority, J01.38
royalty deed, YB93.254
Regulation, see Government regulation
decisions, review of, YB02.412-415
energy market review, YB02.417-419
Productivity Commission, by, YB02.415-416
efficient, YB02.411-412
prerequisites, YB02.411
global economy, YB02.338
Regulators
access regimes, of, see Access regimes
compulsory disclosure powers, YB04.81
contravention of Trade Practices Act, YB01.229
exercise of regulatory power, YB01.228
judicial review of decisions, see Judicial review
limits on powers, YB04.87–92
common law protection, YB04.90
misfeasance in public office, YB01.229
negligence, liability in, YB01.228
powers of, YB04.81
proper purpose, exercise for, YB04.87–8
regulating a regulator, YB01.228
Rehabilitation, see Decommissioning and rehabilitation
Related party transactions
AASB 1017, YB96.417-418
AMPLA Conference discussion, YB96.424-430
arm’s length transactions, YB96.421-422
background to legislation, YB96.409-411
“capacity”, YB96.418-419
“child entity”, YB96.413-414
“control”, YB96.417
corporate collapse of 1980s, YB96.410-411
exceptions, YB96.414-415
“financial benefit”, YB96.412-413
general prohibition, YB96.411-412
liabilities, YB96.416-417
object, YB96.408
Pt 3.2A of Corporations Law, YB96.411-417
prohibition, YB96.408
“reasonable remuneration”, YB96.419-420
regulation, YB96.426-428
“related party”, YB96.413
Relational contracts
agency, YB02.34
contractual obligations, YB02.34
good faith, duty of, YB02.34
relationship, YB02.34
Remediation
environmental damage, YB93.25–26, YB93.30
Remedies
breach of confidentiality agreements, YB93.210, YB93.216–217
breach of fiduciary duty, YB93.239–240
claims, distinguished, YB04.124
contravention of mutual interest provisions, YB93.236, YB93.240
equitable, see Equitable remedies
proprietary and personal, YB04.124
Remote housing
GST on supply of, YB00.454-455
`fly in and fly out' accommodation, YB00.454-455
Remoteness
equitable compensation, YB04.126–130
Renewable energy, see also Electricity supply
Australian policy, YB03.297
bagasse, YB00.288
biomass, YB00.300-302
certificates, J01.89-95
comprehensive guide to regulatory issues, YB03.240–296
current use of, YB00.288
development of resources, YB00.314
economically viable uses, YB00.307
electricity, J01.87-99
eligible, J01.88-89
emissions, reducing, YB00.291, YB00.306, YB00.307
energy acquisition statement, YB03.245
environmental incentive to use, YB00.291
extractive industry projects, YB04.73
geothermal energy, YB00.311-312
international trends, YB03.297, YB03.302–307
legislation, J01.87-99
MRET Review 2003, YB03.297, YB03.299–300, YB03.307–308
MRET Scheme (RECS)
amendments to, YB03.249–256
duration, YB03.242
legislation, YB03.242
mandatory renewable energy target review, YB03.255, YB03.298–299
overview, YB03.241
terms of reference for review of Act, YB03.295–296
new technologies, YB00.297-302
nuclear energy, YB00.313
offshore resources, YB00.310-311
statutory regulation, YB00.310-311
tidal power, YB00.309-311
payments, J01.96-98
predictions as to use of, YB00.288
proposed Commonwealth legislative scheme, J00.103-105
registration, J01.87-88
renewable energy certificates (RECs), YB03.241, J00.104
accreditation, suspension of, YB03.252–253
anti-gaming provisions, YB03.252
calculation of liability, YB03.244
contract for sale, issues to be included, YB03.280–282
creating demand for, YB03.242
demand for, YB03.245
details of energy source to be included, YB03.251
documenting transactions involving, YB03.280
eligible renewable energy sources, YB03.247, YB03.250
extension of time to create, YB03.251
information gathering powers, YB03.254
nature of, YB03.248
operator, creation by, YB03.248
overview of transactions involving, YB03.256–257
persons who can use, YB03.250
price of, YB03.245
registration, YB03.248
renewable energy shortfall statement, YB03.246
supply, creating, YB03.246
surrender of, YB03.246
suspension of registration, YB03.252
time for lodging returns, YB03.251
transfer issues, YB03.249
who is liable, YB03.242
solar, see Solar energy
sources, YB00.287
target to increase supply, J00.103-104
duration, J00.105
liable parties, J00.104
penalty for non-compliance, J00.105
tidal power, YB00.309-311
United Kingdom policy, YB03.303–304
United States policy, YB03.305–306
weather modification, YB00.340-341
wind, YB00.299-300
repeal
Arukun Associates Agreement Repeal Act 2004 (Qld), J04.123
Report
environmental performance, see Environmental reporting
expert, see Experts' reports
voluntary administrator, YB99.72-73
Representative proceedings
case management, YB99.292-293
clarity of pleading, requirement for, YB99.288-289
class actions distinguished, YB99.277
Federal Court Act, under, YB99.282-283
Longford gas explosion, YB99.295, YB99.203-314
causation, YB99.311-314
defence and cross-claim, YB99.310-311
loss or damage caused, YB99.314
misleading and deceptive conduct, YB99.304, YB99.306-309
statement of claim, YB99.306-310
modern, YB99.282-283
New Zealand, YB99.365-367
categories of potential claimant, YB99.367-372
cause, YB99.372-373
consent of members, YB99.366
costs, YB99.367
direct customer, YB99.367-370
directions, YB99.366
exclusion clauses, YB99.373
indirect customer, YB99.370-371
judgment, members bound by, YB99.367
jurisdiction, YB99.365-366
liability issues, YB99.372-373
non-customers, YB99.372
same interest, YB99.366
opting out, YB99.289
resource companies, against, YB99.277-293, YB99.356-363
same, similar or related circumstances, YB99.284
security for costs, YB99.290-291
seven or more persons with claim, YB99.283-284
substantial common issue, YB99.284-288
Sydney water contamination, YB99.295, YB99.298-302
false or misleading representations, YB99.300-302
statement of claim, YB99.299-302
traditional, YB99.278-281
utilities, against, YB99.277-293, YB99.295-296, YB99.356-363
Esso (gas), YB99.295, YB99.303-314
New Zealand position, YB99.365-367
Sydney Water, YB99.295, YB99.298-302
Repudiation of contract
breach of duty to negotiate, for, YB02.18
Rescission
breach of warranties as to environment, YB93.30–31, YB93.51–52
Reserves
aboriginal, YB02.213
access rights, YB02.203-204
creation of, YB02.203-204
extinguishment of native title, YB02.203-205
inconsistent rights, YB02.204
invalid, YB02.204
leases of, extinguishment of native title, J00.93-94
native title, effect on, J00.88-89
past act, application of, YB02.204, YB02.205
prior, YB02.205
use of, YB02.203
vesting of, YB02.203-205
Resource access rights, B96.91, B96.149–154, B96.163
Resource contract
privacy of information, see Privity of contract
“Resource curse”, YB04.67
Resource development, YB96.115-116
Resource management
Resources
Air, see Airspace
Fauna, see Hunting
Fish, see Fishing
Minerals, see Minerals and petroleum
native title rights, YB02.195-198, YB02.206
airspace, YB02.120, YB02.136
compensation, YB02.206
determination of, see Native title
establishment of, YB02.197
extinguishment, YB02.195-197, YB02.241
fauna, YB02.126
fish, YB02.117, YB02.139-141, YB02.161, YB02.166
minerals, YB02.110
regulation of, YB02.195
traditional connection, YB02.195, YB02.196
water, to, YB02.134, YB02.136-138, YB02.166
petroleum, see Minerals and petroleum
water, see Water
Resource(s) companies
alternative dispute resolution, YB99.357-358
competition law, see Competition law
consideration in providing finance to, YB99.161-163
credit rating, YB99.29-41
bank facilities, YB99.31
enhancing, YB99.34
investment grade, YB99.31-32
investors' use of, YB99.35-36
key factors affecting, YB99.33
maintaining, YB99.34, YB99.41
National Association of Insurance Commissioner (NAIC) rating, YB99.32
ratings process, YB99.34-3
insolvency see Insolvency of resource companies
international focus, YB01.3
mergers, see Mergers
project rating, YB99.1, YB99.37-38, see also Project rating
case study, YB99.38-41
construction risk, YB99.9-10
debt service resource funds, YB99.12
labour problems, YB99.12
operating and technology risk, YB99.11-12
ore body risk, YB99.12
project economics, YB99.6
representative proceedings, see Representative proceedings
Takeovers Panel, relevant themes in, YB01.67-73
New Zealand, YB93.424–425
Restraint of trade, YB93.201–202—see also Confidentiality agreements
mutual interest provisions, YB93.233–236, YB93.240
Restrictive covenants
solar access, YB00.324-325
easements compared, YB00.330-331
express grant of, YB00.331-332
Restrictive trade practices
joint marketing agreements, see joint ventures
market, J04.187-188
oil and gas, J04.195-200
misuse of market power 289-299
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), Part IV, J04.185-209
authorisation, J04.200-208
breaches, J04.192-195
exemptions, J04.189-192
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), construction and application, J04.289-299
derivative crown immunity, J04. 295-298
governmental authority, application to, J04.289-299
Retention lease, YB96.218-220
application, YB96.218-219
grant, YB96.219
nature, YB96.218
reporting requirements, YB96.219-220
rights, YB96.219
Revenue
forecasts of production, YB01.69-70
Right to negotiate, see Native Title Act
Right to negotiate regime, YB02.179
agreements, YB02.185, YB02.191
application of, YB02.245
compensation, YB02.186-187
compliance, YB02.191
determinations, binding effect of, YB02.185-186
establishment of, YB02.185
future acts, YB02.179, YB02.184-185
mining lease, YB02.245
National Native Title Tribunal, see National Native
Title Tribunal
native title claims, YB02.122, YB02.185, YB02.208, YB02.242, YB02.249-252
benefits of, YB02.252
process, YB02.251
requirements for, YB02.252
notices, YB02.184
compliance with, YB02.180
issue of, YB02.180
procedural fairness, YB02.181
time for, YB02.180
validity of, YB02.180-181
participation in, YB02.253
procedures, YB02.205, YB02.245
registered claimants
authorisation of, YB02.185-186
statutory rights, YB02.185
use of, YB02.242
Risk
assessment, YB04.241–2
changing government policy—see Sovereign risk
construction contracts, see Construction contracts
contractors, YB04.242–3
contractual allocation, J01.50-57, J01.155-158, J01.160-163
environmental—see Environmental risks
industrial special risks insurance, YB03.123
insurance, J01.57-61
management, J01.46-50
offtake, see Offtake risks
political risk, YB03.152–153
project finance, J01.152-163
projects, in, see Project
reducing, YB04.242
tax risk, see Taxation
technology risk, YB03.116–117
terrorism, see Terrorism
Risk allocation
aim of, YB94.157
America, contractual allocation in
AIPN Model Form, YB94.181
gross negligence, YB94.184
indemnity and liability provisions, YB94.181
American Model Form International Operating Agreement
consequential loss, exclusion clauses for, YB94.163
exclusion clauses, YB94.161, YB94.177
gross negligence, YB94.165
operator under, YB94.159
British National Oil Corporation pro-forma JOA
exclusion clauses, YB94.161, YB94.179, YB94.185
wilful misconduct, YB94.165
pollution damage, liability for, YB94.186
consequential loss, exemption clauses for
joint operating agreements, in, YB94.163, YB94.187
third party contracts, in, YB94.171
construction contracts, see Construction contracts
contract, by, YB94.157
energy contracting, see Energy contracting
equipment, liability under third party contracts, YB94.169
exemption clauses in joint operating agreements, YB94.160
consequential loss, for, YB94.163, YB94.187
exclusion clause, YB94.160
gross negligence, YB94.165
interpretation of, YB94.161
limitation clause, YB94.160
loss and consequential loss, covering, YB94.162
negligence, for, YB94.164
wilful misconduct, for, YB94.165
force majeure clauses in third party contracts, YB94.175
formation damage, liability under third party contracts, YB94.170
gas supply contract, see Gas supply contract (GSA)
indemnity clauses
enforceability of, YB94.195
joint operating agreements, YB94.160, YB94.166
rules of construction, YB94.166
service contracts, YB94.171
insurance
statutory obligations, for breach of, YB94.196
third party contracts, in, YB94.175
joint operating agreement, under, YB94.158, YB94.186
mining contracts, YB03.423, YB03.437–439, YB03.447–449
negligence
AIPM Model Form, liability for gross negligence under, YB94.184
joint operating agreements
definition, YB94.164
exemption clauses for, YB94.164
gross, YB94.165, YB94.187
third party contracts, YB94.172
operator
appointment of, YB94.159
liability of, YB94.158
indemnification of, by participants, YB94.159
clause, YB94.161
participant, relationship with, YB94.158
personal injury, liability under third party contracts, YB94.168
pollution, liability under third party contracts, YB94.170
power purchase agreement, see Power purchase agreement (PPA)
resources project, in, YB94.157
risk management distinguished, YB94.181
statutory obligations
allocation of, YB94.191
characterisation, YB94.190
insurance for breach, YB94.196
joint ventures, incorporated and unincorporated, YB94.193
third party contracts, YB94.167
equipment, YB94.169
exclusion clauses
drafting of, YB94.175
fundamental term, breach of, YB94.175
force majeure clauses, YB94.175
formation damage, YB94.170
insurance clauses, YB94.175
negligence, YB94.172
personal injury, YB94.168
pollution, YB94.170
termination of contract, indemnity surviving, YB94.172
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), prohibition of unconscionable conduct by, YB94.174
what is, YB94.157
wilful misconduct
exemption clauses for, YB94.165, YB94.187
meaning of, YB94.165
Risk management, YB02. 629-630
Derivatives, see Derivatives
electricity market investors, see Electricity market
financial—see Financial risk management
hedging, see Hedging
purchaser of coal assets, by, YB01.133, YB01.143
risk allocation distinguished, YB94.181
Risk management process, YB93.55–60
director’s liabilities, YB93.57—see also Directors
due diligence, YB93.58–59—see also Due diligence
identification of risks, YB93.55, YB93.56–57
indemnities, YB93.59—see also Indemnity
warranties, YB93.59—see also Warranties
Risk sharing, YB93.61–68—see also Risk management process
consumer protection statutes, YB93.63–64
environmental matters, YB93.31–33
government requirements, YB93.66–68
investigations, YB93.62–64
clients’ responsibilities, YB93.65–66
consultants’ role, YB93.65
parent corporation’s liability, YB93.63
quantifying environmental risk, YB93.61–62
Roads
effect of roads on native title (Qld)
definition of road, B95.30–31
extinguishment by road, B95.33–35
extinguishment generally, B95.31–32
validation of discriminatory extinguishment, B95.35–40
native title rights, J00.87
Royalties, YB93.243–287
advantages over traditional financing, YB04.269
agreements
ambiguity, YB04.260
compensation, calculation of, YB04.260–2
creation and protection, YB04.249–50
drafting, YB04.259, YB04.264–5
protective measures, YB04.263–4
recent case law, YB04.259–62
legislative provisions, application of, YB04.262
requirements, YB04.272–3
voiding, YB04.251
assessing value, YB93.257, YB93.263, YB93.264–266
assessment of, YB04.270
assets
identification of relevant, YB04.250
sales, YB04.268
assignment, YB04.264
auditing, YB93.254
calculation, YB95.510-511, YB95.512
New South Wales, in, YB95.517
overseas, YB93.272–275
Queensland, in, YB95.517
removal without sale, where, YB95.512–514
South Australia, in, YB95.517
calculation under Petroleum Act 1984 (NT), B94.149
carrier arrangements, YB04.263
caveats, YB04.252, YB04.254–5, YB04.257–8, YB04.263
“consent” caveats, B94.26–27
contractual and property rights, distinguished, YB04.249
contractual right, B94.17–18, B94.26, B94.27–28
control by payee, YB93.252
deductions, YB93.267—see also Wellhead value
costs of capital, YB93.269–270, YB93.281–282
cost of fuel gas, YB93.272
costs and expenses, YB93.267–268
depreciation, YB93.269
equity capital, YB93.270–272, YB93.280–281
overheads, YB93.268–269
definition of terms, YB93.247–249, YB93.267, YB95.510
“net profits”, YB93.257–258
“net smelter returns”, YB93.246, YB93.249, YB93.259–261
“realised value”, YB93.259
“wellhead value”, YB93.248, YB93.263, YB93.264–266, YB93.278
disposal of tailings, B94.8
dispute resolution, YB93.254–255
documentation, YB93.244, YB93.257–261
drafting deeds, YB93.255
need for precision, YB93.245–249
equitable lien, B94.23
financing
bridge, YB04.269
completion guarantees, YB04.269
public capital, YB04.269
seed capital, YB04.269
strategic alliances, through, YB04.269
Franco Nevada Royalty Business, YB04.267–8
government, YB04.268
grant, by, YB04.247
gross/net revenue returns, YB04.248
mining
mineral royalty companies, YB04.268
New South Wales, YB04.254–5
Queensland, YB04.252–3
Victoria, YB04.256
Western Australia, YB04.257–9
Minister’s power to determine, YB93.263–264
mortgage or charge, protection offered by, YB04.263
nature of, YB04.247, YB04.248
net cashflow, YB04.267, YB04.274
net profits interest, YB04.248, YB04.267
valuation of, YB04.270–1, YB04.274
net smelter returns, YB04.248, YB04.267
valuation of, YB04.270–1, YB04.274
North Flinders Mine Ltd v Conn, decision in—see North Flinders Mine Ltd v Conn
not a caveatable interest, B94.17, B94.26
offshore petroleum, YB04.251–2
New South Wales, YB04.254
Queensland, YB04.252
Victoria, YB04.255–6
Western Australia, YB04.256–7
opportunities to buy, YB04.273–4
overriding, YB04.248
ownership, tracking, YB04.272
payback, YB04.269
Petroleum Royalties Legislation Amendment Act 1994 (WA), B94.154
private, YB04.266
definition, YB04.246
production-sharing, YB93.275
profit a prendre, as, B94.21–22
promises and warranties, YB04.263
proprietory interest, B94.27–28
protection of payee, YB93.253–254
caveats, YB93.253–254
mortgages/charges, YB93.254
registration, YB93.254
public, definition, YB04.246
rates, YB93.263
rationale for, YB95.518–519
registration, YB04.250–2
cost, YB04.272
failure to register, YB04.251
writing, requirement for, YB04.250–1
“rent charge”, YB04.249
rent charge, as, B94.22
reservation, by, YB04.247
structure of, YB04.263
structuring financing, YB04.269
taxation, YB93.256–257
timing of calculation, YB93.251–252
tricks and traps in negotiations, YB04.271–2
types, YB93.249–251
wellhead—see Wellhead value
working interest, YB04.267
valuation of, YB04.270–1, YB04.274
Royalties agreements
assignment and assumption, B94.24
caveats, provision for lodgment of, B94.25–27
considerations in drafting agreements, B94.20–21, B94.24
“grant, assignment or reservation”, B94.23
implied terms, B94.18–20
security, B94.25
royalty
agreement, J02.68
coal, J01.108
methane gas exemption, J01.3
new coal regime, J02.15-16
overriding, J02.152-161
Tasmania, J01.235-236
variation of agreement, J03.8-9
Royalty rate
amended in South Australia, B95.13
Rubibi v Western Australia
access rights, YB02.169
determination of native title, YB02.168-170
traditions, YB02.168
exclusive possession, YB02.136, YB02.168-169
ceremonial purposes, for, YB02.136
extinguishment of native title, YB02.169
Rule against perpetuities, YB93.230–231, YB93.232, YB93.233, YB93.240
Russia
foreign investment in mining, YB94.281
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.252
Consolidated Index: S
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Sacred sites
gas pipeline corridor, proposal for, YB95.239, YB95.276-277
federal and state legislation, protection under, YB95.276
registers, maintenance of, YB95.276–277
Safety, see also Offshore petroleum
Mine Health and Safety Act 2004 (NSW), J04.215-220
application, J04.215-216
obligations under, J04.216-219
mining, J04.299-304
National Standard for the Control of Major Hazard Facilities, J04.239-242
occupational health and safety, J04.299-304
breach of, J04.299-304
‘concerned in the management of corporations’, J04.299-304
liability, of individuals and corporations, J04.299-304
Safety cases, see also Griffin Venture
common elements, YB96.543
conclusions, YB96.504
documentation, YB96.525-527
elements, YB96.536-537
facility description, YB96.481, YB96.483, YB96.486-488, YB96.538-539
formal safety assessment, YB96.482, YB96.484, YB96.485-486, YB96.491-504
hazards, YB96.501-504
legal requirement, YB96.478
NOGSAC, YB96.479
NSCWG, YB96.479
objectives, YB96.483, YB96.509-510
operator requirements, YB96.480, YB96.538
origins, YB96.509, YB96.535-536
“prescriptive” regulations, YB96.535-536
PSLA, YB96.513-516, YB96.533, YB96.537-538
rationale behind, YB96.535-536
regulator responsibilities, YB96.540-541
risks, YB96.501-504
role of inspector, YB96.541
safety management system, YB96.481-482, YB96.484, YB96.488-490, YB96.539-540
scope, YB96.483
structure and contents, YB96.483
Safety provisions, YB93.431, YB93.433
Sale
coal assets, of, see Coal assets, sale and purchase
Sale of goods
fair dealing, see Fair dealing
Sale of land
mining tenement, disclosure in vendors’ statements (Vic), J00.112
Sales contract
arbitration, J97.85
variation, J97.88
Salvage
offshore units, J99.25
Santos
Cooper Basin, exploration of, YB95.329
gas industry in South Australia, participation in, YB95.308–310
Scheme(s) of arrangement
break fees, see Break fees
commercial benefit of, YB02.321
company and members, between, requirements for, YB01.41
cross border regulation, YB02.331-332
expert's report in relation to, YB99.473, YB99.479
features, YB02.323-324
compulsory acquisition, YB02.324
conditionality, YB02.323
co-operation, YB02.324
disclosure, YB02.324
documentation, YB02.324
insolvency option, YB99.74-79
takeovers by means of, YB01.40-41
advantages, YB01.41
use of, YB02.321
acquire control, for, YB02.321
compulsory acquisition, for, YB02.321
Sea and sea-bed
fishing, hunting and gathering rights, J00.14-16
minerals, right to, J00.14-17
native title rights, J00.13-20
oil rigs, see Offshore oil rigs
radical title, J00.18-19
Seabed
deep water fields, B95.2
International Seabed Authority, B95.1
polymetallic nodules, B95.1–2
Seas and Submerged Land Act 1973
Commonwealth sovereignty under, YB00.93, YB00.95, YB00.176
Security
project financing, in, YB03.94, YB03.162
personal covenants, YB03.94
requirement by financiers for, YB03.108–114
Security of payment, see Payment
Securities, YB93.107—see also Futures, Gaming contract
coal assets, over, consideration in acquisition, YB01.142-143
consequences, YB93.116
definition, YB93.115–116
regulators, YB02.338, YB02.346
ASIC, see Australian Securities and Investment
Commission
International Organisation of Securities Commission, YB02.346
Securities trading
greenhouse gas emissions, see also Greenhouse gas emissions
developing market, YB00.402-403
establishing market, YB00.398-399
jurisdiction, YB00.403-404
legislation, YB00.404
market access, YB00.404-405
market rules, YB00.404-405
regulation, YB00.405-406
verification, YB00.406
nature of securities, YB00.400-401
restricted securities, YB00.513-515
ASX Listing Rules, YB00.513-515
Security Deposit Scheme (NSW), B94.145
SECWA
restructuring of monopoly, B95.14–15, B95.250–251
Self-incrimination
privilege against, YB04.92
Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL; Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide Petroleum NL, YB94.591
appeals to High Court, YB94.594
background, YB94.592
damages for loss of commercial opportunity, YB94.595
facts, YB94.592
judgment at first instance, YB94.593
overview, YB94.591
Trade Practices Act, section 52, YB94.592
Sensitive information
collection of, YB02.503
consent for, YB02.503
Separation of powers
doctrine of, YB04.89–90
state level, at, YB04.89
SEPP No 45, B96.100–101
Service
access and extension of facilities, YB04.210–11
definition, YB04.188–90
legitimate business interests of service providers, YB04.196–7
production process, as part of, YB04.189–90, YB04.193–4
Shadow directorship
insolvent resource company
determining existence of, YB99.139-140
elements of, YB99.138-139
financiers, application to, YB99.130-141
risk of, YB99.138-141
Shares
dual listed company structure, YB01.461
proof of ownership, YB01.140-1441
shareholders agreement
change in control, J01.213-215
Shell/Woodside
foreign investment decision, YB01.11-14, YB01.137
Shell
multi site franchising packages, YB96.358-360, YB96.368
Ship
Collision Convention, YB00.86-87
definition, YB00.85-86
demurrage and dispatch, GST issues, YB00.455-456
jet ski, whether includes, YB00.86-87
offshore mobile craft, whether includes, YB00.85-86
oil pollution, liability for, YB00.87-88
Shortfalls
allocation of, YB04.304
force majeure clauses, under, YB04.304–7
methods, YB04.307–9
Silica
carcinogenic effect, J00.140, J00.141
classification
Australia, in, J00.139-141
carcinogen, as, J00.141
hazardous substance, as, J00.138-141
international position, J00.138
environmental claims, J97.159-161
health effects, J97.148
health risk in workplace, J00.137-144
adequate information, J00.143
limits on exposure, J00.140-141
management strategies, J00.141-143
occupational health, J97.150-159
product liability, J97.161-162
punitive damages, J97.162
standards, J97.149
Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), YB03.35
Single project company
insolvency, options, YB99.155-157
crucial employees, YB99.157
government involvement, YB99.156
project agreements and tenements, effect on, YB99.156-157
public relations, YB99.156
sponsor support, YB99.157
trade unions, YB99.155
Solar energy, YB00.297-299, YB00.305, YB00.315-341
air pollution, YB00.336
Australian suburbs, advantages of nature of, YB00.333
capital costs, YB00.298-299
diffuse solar radiation, YB00.319
direct exploitation, YB00.316
direct solar radiation, YB00.319
domestic hot water heaters, YB00.307
greenhouse impact, YB00.308-309
easements of light, YB00.325-331
environmental incentive to use, YB00.291
indirect exploitation, YB00.316
meaning, YB00.315
new technologies, YB00.297-299
number of installations, increase, YB00.307
passive systems, YB00.315
predictions as to use of, YB00.288
right to access, YB00.316-320
airspace, rights in, YB00.316-317, YB00.322-324
collector, operation in relation to, YB00.318-319
easements of light, YB00.325-331
express grant of, YB00.331-332
general rights to passage of light and air, YB00.331
horizontal access of light, YB00.318
landowner's rights, YB00.316-318
prior appropriation doctrine, YB00.320
restrictive covenants, YB00.324-325, YB00.330-331
riparian rights, comparison with, YB00.319-320
wild animals, comparison with right to take, YB00.319-320
solar collector
design, impact of law on, YB00.332-333
liability from operation of, YB00.337-338
right of access in relation to, YB00.318-319
solar photovoltaic systems, YB00.297-298
solar thermal systems, YB00.298-299
storage of, YB00.338
strata titles, YB00.336-337
summer and winter sun, differing effect, YB00.334
trees, problems caused by, YB00.335
weather modification, YB00.340-341
zoning considerations, YB00.335-336
Solicitor
duty and standard of care, J99.173-176
Sorry
definition, J00.218
South Australia
Aboriginal land in, YB94.18
early exploration of, YB95.329
future market development, YB95.351–352
gas, supply of, YB95.308–310
New South Wales, to—see Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline
South Australia, to, YB95.331
native title, response to Commonwealth Legislation, YB94.18
regulation of development, YB95.331–332
South Australian Cooper Basin Unit Producers (SACBUT), YB95.347–348
South Australian Exploration Initiative (SAEI)
announced by government, B94.11
exploration licence applications, B94.11
Sovereign risk, YB93.135–193
binding the legislature, YB93.159–165, YB93.176–182
Commonwealth agreements, YB93.142–145
contracts with the Crown, YB93.140–142
definition, YB93.136–140, YB93.166–169
economic troubles, YB99.18
environment/heritage issues, YB99.19-20
estoppel, YB93.150–154
executive necessity (doctrine), YB93.145–150, YB93.182–193
definition, YB93.182
government-owned corporations, YB93.184–193
expropriation, YB93.171
foreign currency rating, YB99.17-18
government incentives, YB99.18
legislative sanction of government agreements, YB93.154–158, YB93.176–182
mining
decision to invest, effect on, YB95.46–48
Papua New Guinea, development in, YB95.177
project rating, YB99.17-18
public interest, YB93.145–150
State Agreements, YB93.154–158, YB93.176–182
State versus federal powers, YB93.169–170
tax issues, YB99.20-21
Special leases
extinguishment of native title, J00.92-93
Special prospecting licence
application for, land within exploration licence, B94.157
Split commodity arrangement
heads of agreement (WA), J00.112-114
illegality, J00.114
uncertainty and incompleteness, J00.113-114
St Catherine's Milling Case
estate in land, YB02.214
interest in land, YB02.213
land title, YB02.213
Stage 2 environmental legislation (NSW), B96.9–10
Stare decisis, YB04.79
state developer agreements
mining agreements, J02.202-204
State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV)
political power, YB01.155
Stamp duty—see also Taxation
anti-avoidance provisions, YB02.687-688
certainty, YB02.671
conveyance duty, YB97.160, YB97.168
exemption, YB97.168
corporate reconstruction exemption, YB02.685-688
dutiable property, YB02.674-682
definition of, YB02.675
valuable right, whether, YB02.681
Duties Act 2001 (Qld), YB02.671-687
exemptions, YB02.685-686
fairness, YB02.671
information, communication of, YB97.160-170
land-rich provisions, YB97.161
land right, YB02.682-685
legislative developments (NT), J00.105-106
liability for, YB02.674
mining tenements, inclusion in land value (NT), J00.105-106
mortgage or loan security duty, YB97.169-170
mortgage, see Mortgage duty
Nischu case, YB97.161-162
Northern Territory, J01.104
Pancontinental case, YB97.163-165
pre-emptive rights, J01.218-220
property, significance of, YB97.160-170
schemes of arrangement, under, YB97.497
transfer duty, see Transfer duty
trust, on, YB02.682
dealing in, YB02.682
valuation provisions, Western Australia, YB97.165-168
Standard form contracts
duty of good faith, YB02.27, YB02.33, YB02.41-43
Standards
environmental, YB93.416, YB93.417
Standing to sue
natural resource projects, objections to, YB00.264-265
Jabiluka uranium mine, YB00.218-219
public interest environmental litigation, YB00.264-265
State
Commonwealth native title legislation, responses to, YB94.14, YB94.40
constitutional doctrine of reserved State powers, YB94.66
governmental functions, interference by Commonwealth, YB94.65
limits of land, YB96.62
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)
burdens on exercise of constitutional functions imposed by, YB94.70
legislative and executive functions, interference with, YB94.72
ownership of minerals, YB96.201-203
State agreements
access to water, YB96.340-341
agreement Acts table, YB96.325-327
approval process, YB96.343
Australian experience, YB96.348-349
benefits, YB96.320-322
definition, YB96.330
disadvantages, YB96.319
dispute resolution, YB96.343-344
enforcement, YB96.344-347
environmental requirements, YB96.338-340
fiscal arrangements, YB96.336-338
infrastructure obligations, YB96.341-343
iron ore agreements, YB96.316
native title, YB96.341
objectives, YB96.318
origins, YB96.315-316
project development process, YB96.324
proposals, YB96.317-318
repeal, YB96.332-333
royalty, YB96.337
security of tenure, YB96.317
security of title, YB96.330-331
stamp duty, YB96.337-338
State government requirements
termination, YB96.347-348
title
area, YB96.334
dealings, YB96.335-336
grant, YB96.333
rights, YB96.334-335
surrender, YB96.336
term, YB96.334
variation, YB96.347
State Energy Commission of Western Australia (SECWA)
role of, YB95.356
State Environmental Planning (Permissible Mining) Act 1996 (NSW), B96.126
State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) (NSW)
consent authority, YB95.23, YB95.25
Continued Mines and Extractive Industries Policy, YB95.55–58
existing mining operation, right to continue, YB95.23
Major Employment Generating Industrial Development Policy, YB95.25, YB95.54
mining legislation, conflict with, YB95.38–40
State Environmental Planning Policy (NSW) No 45, B95.238, B96.100–101
definition “mining”, B95.238
reduces requirements for obtaining development consent for mining in NSW, B95.238
State Environmental Planning Policy (NSW) No 46 for the Protection and Management of Native Vegetation
aim, B95.237
applications for consent likely to involve considerable time, B95.238
exemption from application of SEPP No 46 cl 10, B95.237
proposal to amend with respect to application to mining and quarrying projects, B95.237
State government
environmental responsibility, YB93.411
State mining agreements
ratification of, YB02.466
termination of, YB02.466, YB02.483-486
State Mining Codes
administration, YB96.221-222
compensation, YB96.231-232
dealings, YB96.228-230
definition of “minerals”, YB96.203, YB96.204
exploration licences, YB96.208-214
general provisions, YB96.232-233
historical concepts, YB96.199
land categorisation, YB96.205
mining leases, YB96.214-217
mining purposes easement, YB96.221
mining purposes lease, YB96.220
need for consistency, YB96.198
new legislation, YB96.199-200
objectives, YB96.200-201
policing, YB96.222-224
registration, YB96.228-230
retention lease, YB96.218-220
revenue, YB96.230-231
tenements, YB96.224-227
tenement structure, YB96.207-208
State Rail Authority (NSW) restructure, B96.126
Statutory corporation
Crown immunity, YB02.689, YB02.692-695
application of, YB02.692-705
determination of, YB02.692-693, YB02.695-700
entitlement to, YB02.692-695, YB02.697-700
statutory, YB02.689-692, YB02.704-705
test for determination, YB02.694-695
Step-in rights
Corporations Law, insolvent trading under, YB97.125
definition, YB97.118
difficulties negotiating, YB97.114
legal ramifications, YB97.123-125
legislative basis for, YB97.115
reason for, YB97.119
protect bargain, to, YB97.120-123
project company involved, YB97.121
reason for bargain, YB97.120
value of bargain, YB97.123
protect plant, YB97.119
remote sites, YB97.123
Sithe Energies, YB97.117
supplier’s perspective, YB97.117-126
time, length of step-in, YB97.122
who needs, YB97.119
who steps in, YB97.122
Stone lease
labour covenant, B96.138
Sub-contractors
force majeure clauses, YB04.297–8
protection from harsh payment practices, YB04.157
Subpoenas, J97.231-253
application to inspect documents, YB04.93
arbitration, J97.245-248
arbitration, use in, YB04.100
challenge, J97.242-245
compliance, J97.239-241, J97.248-251
complying with, YB04.102
conduct money, YB04.104
confidential documents, J97.241-242
issue, YB04.102
nature of, YB04.86, YB04.100
non-party discovery, distinguished, YB04.108
production of documents, for
advantages and disadvantages, YB04.101
content, YB04.101–2
relevance, YB04.101
when to use, YB04.101
relevance of documents, J97.233-237
service, YB04.102
setting aside, YB04.103–4
undertakings, YB04.104
Subsidies
actionable, YB03.122
definition, YB03.119
Howe decision, YB03.120
non-actionable, YB03.122
prohibited, YB03.120
state and federal governments, from, YB03.119
WTO’s Agreement on subsidies and Countervailing Measures, YB03.119–123
Supply
continuity of, YB97.109-116
establishing the right environment, YB97.111-112
existing legal concepts, YB97.113-115
contract, YB97.113
security, YB97.113
legislation, YB97.115
Melbourne City Link Project, YB97.112
step-in right—see Step-in rights
techniques for ensuring, YB97.111
outsourcing of, YB97.110
supply contract(s)
ACCC, power to demand disclosure, YB04.81
misrepresentation, J01.78-81
Supply of goods
allocation of shortfalls, YB04.304–9
service, distinguished, YB04.188
supplier failure
force majeure clauses, YB04.300–4
liability, YB04.300
surface access
compensation, J01.109, J01.110
costs, J01.222-2 J01.23
improvements and residence, J01.2, J01.4, J01.20, J01.186-189, J01.206-208, J01.243-244
notice, J01.3
reservation of rights, J01.220-221
Surrender
application for exemption from, B95.20
extension of time to comply with requirements, B95.20
survey
objection, J01.246-247
Surveys
gravity, YB03.597
Kirchhoff migration – Mars style, YB03.597–598
magnetic, YB03.597
3D gravity gradiometry, YB03.597
3D seismic, YB03.595–596
Suspension of work
breach of contract, YB04.170–1
Sustainable development
overarching principle, YB04.71
Sustainable energy policy
white paper, J97.100
Sustainable management, YB93.54, YB93.424
Swaps, YB93.76, YB93.105–106, YB93.122—see also Derivatives
cross-currency, YB93.79–82
Swaptions, YB93.106—see also Options, Swaps
Sweden
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.252
Consolidated Index: T
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Tailings, YB93.288–332
categories, YB93.321
compensation, YB93.329
definition, YB93.288, YB93.292, YB93.304, YB93.308, YB93.327
environmental liabilities, YB93.296–299
environmental requirements, YB93.331–332
gold, YB93.321–332
treatment, YB93.321–324, YB93.326–327
legislation
New South Wales, YB93.310–311
Northern Territory, YB93.305–307
Queensland, YB93.311–312
Victoria, YB93.307–310, YB93.324–326, YB93.327–332
ownership, YB93.293–295, YB93.307, YB93.311–312, YB93.328, YB93.329
planning, YB93.330–331
retreatment project, YB93.299–302
site rehabilitation, YB93.295–296
taxation, YB93.295–296
type of property, YB93.289–293, YB93.303, YB93.307, YB93.308–309, YB93.327–328
uranium, YB93.316–318, YB93.320
Takeovers—see also Mergers and acquisitions
advantages over schemes of arrangement, YB97.500-502
alternative structures for, YB01.40
bidder’s statements
content of, YB01.31-32
supplementary, YB01.32-33
bids, automatic extension of, YB01.30
break fees, see Break fees
capital reduction, by, see Reduction of capital
CLERP, effect of, YB01.28-29
commercial benefit of, YB02.321
compulsory acquisition, YB01.33-36
90 percent holder, by, YB01.34
75 percent test, YB01.33
compulsory acquisition provisions, YB97.525-529
Homestake case, YB97.526-528
share-splitting and, YB97.525-529
contested bids, YB97.508-529
convertible securities, YB97.493-495
cross border regulation, YB02.326
concurrent, YB02.328-330
foreign, YB02.327
disadvantages of, YB97.492-498
disclosure standards, YB02.330-331
forecasts, YB02.330-331
dual listed companies, see Dual listed companies (DLC)
earnings forecasts, disclosure of, YB97.517-525
Pancontinental case, YB97.521-524, YB97.525
Solomon Pacific Resources case, YB97.524-525
features of, YB02.321-323
compulsory acquisition, YB02.322-323
conditionality, YB02.321-322
co-operation, YB02.322
disclosure, YB02.322
documentation, YB02.322
foreign, YB02.326
foreign corporations, by, YB94.254
intentions, disclosure of, YB97.509-517
Ampolex case, YB97.514-517
Gantry case, YB97.511-514
joint ventures
defeating bids, unacceptable circumstances, YB01.71-72
disclosure of change of control clauses, YB01.70-71
JORC Code, see JORC Code
no shop agreement, see No shop agreements
offer period, automatic extension of, YB01.30
poison pills, YB01.71-73
pre-bid stake, building, YB01.29-30
Pt A statements
earnings forecasts in, YB97.517-525
offeror’s intentions, disclosure of, YB97.509-517
purposes of Ch 6, YB01.37
recent law reforms, YB01.28-29
reduction of capital, by, see Reduction of capital
scheme of arrangement, by, see Scheme of arrangement
scrip for scrip rollover relief, YB01.39-40
shareholders, lost, YB97.492
share-splitting, YB97.525-529
target’s statements
content of, YB01.31-32
supplementary, YB01.32-33
use of, YB02.321
acquire control, for, YB02.321
compulsory acquisition, for, YB02.321
Takeovers Panel
applications, YB01.61, YB01.63
break fee arrangements, YB01.50
confidentiality obligations, YB01.63-64
constitution, YB01.55
declaration of unacceptable circumstances, YB01.36-37, YB01.57-58
disclosure, attitude to, YB01.67
dispatch of offer documents, restraining, YB01.65
effect, concentration on, YB01.66-67
effectiveness, evidence of, YB01.54
expeditious proceedings, YB01.62
forecasts of revenue production, YB01.69-70
forum, as, YB01.62-67
functions, YB01.55-56
innovative action by, YB01.66
joint ventures, disclosure of, YB01.70-71
JORC Code
documents issued by mining company to comply with, YB01.38-39
recommended terms, YB01.38
jurisdiction, YB01.36, YB01.38, YB01.55
legal issues, resolving, YB01.67
lock-up devices, draft policy on, YB01.37-38, YB01.51, YB01.72
membership, YB01.56-57
no shop agreements, YB01.51
orders, power to make, YB01.58-59
poison pills, YB01.71-73
pragmatic outcomes, YB01.65-66
principal function, YB01.55-56
proceedings before
brief, YB01.62
conduct of, YB01.63
expeditious, YB01.62
form of, YB01.62-63
private, in, YB01.63-64
representation in, YB01.60
rules of evidence do not apply, YB01.63
reconstitution of, YB01.36, YB01.54
remedial function, YB01.64-65
remedies, YB01.58-60
representation in proceedings by, YB01.60
resources available to, YB01.60
resources sector, relevant themes for, YB01.67-73
role of, YB01.36
submissions, YB01.63
tactical litigation, preventing, YB01.36, 54
time limits, YB01.59
undertaking from person affected, YB01.59
Target, see Takeovers
Tasmania
native title, response to Commonwealth legislation, YB94.18
Tasmanian Dams case, YB96.178-179, YB96.181
Taxation
arm's length rules, YB00.491-492
asset, YB97.181
blackhole expenditure, YB00.475-476, YB00.489
business tax reform, YB00.462-492
capital expenditure provisions, YB00.468-469
capital gains, YB97.181-184
farm-out agreements, YB97.207
considerations in resource ventures, YB97.186-189
consolidations, YB00.476-481
due diligence issues, YB00.482-483
mergers and acquisitions, YB00.481-482
corporate reconstruction, YB00.470-472
depreciation rates, YB00.465, YB00.467, YB00.491
directors’ liability
Australian Capital Territory, YB03.516–517
Commonwealth, YB03.514–516
New South Wales, YB03.516–517
Northern Territory, YB03.518
Queensland, YB03.517
South Australia, YB03.518
Tasmania, YB03.516–517
Victoria, YB03.516–517
Western Australia, YB03.518
distributions to shareholders, YB00.472-473
due diligence issues, YB00.482-483
effective life of assets, assessment of, YB00.466
employees on foreign payrolls, PAYG tax, YB00.473-474
farm-ins and farm-outs, YB00.474
farm-out agreements
capital gains tax, YB97.207
income tax, YB97.206
types of, YB97.205
feasibility studies, YB00.490
foreign source income, YB00.486
funding, YB00.486-488
goods and services tax, see Goods and services tax (GST)
goodwill, YB00.489
grandfathering rules, YB00.487
group CGT rollover, YB00.470-471
GST, see Goods and services tax (GST)
hedging, YB00.490
Income Tax Assessment Act
balancing charge provisions, YB97.171-173
capital gains, YB97.181-184
Div 10, YB97.171-181
Div 10AA, YB97.171-181
Div 330, YB97.171-181
Pt IVA
application to withholding tax, YB97.193
Spotless Services case, YB97.209
s 160M, YB97.181-183
income tax consolidation regime, J04.246-263
eligibility, J04.248-250
group liability, J04.255-257
joint and several liability, J04.253
project finance industry, J04.246-263
security, exercising, J04.258-260
special purpose vehicles, J04.246-263
tax sharing agreements, J04. 253-255
incorporated joint ventures, YB00.472
information, expenditure on, YB00.474-475
information, sale of, YB97.172-177
interest withholding tax provisions, YB03.133
joint ventures, YB00.483-486
dividends from, YB00.472
fractional interest approach, YB00.484-485
joint approach, YB00.485
roll-over relief, YB97.187
tax losses, YB97.186
transfer of plant, YB00.484
junior miners, YB00.490-491
loss transfer rules, YB03.132
mergers and acquisitions, YB00.481-482
mining—see Mining taxation
New Zealand, YB93.431–432, YB93.433
oil and gas projects in India, J99.227-228
overburden removal, YB00.464, YB00.490
partnerships, YB00.490
PAYG tax, YB00.473-474
petroleum resource rent tax, YB00.117-118
physical assets, treatment of, YB00.465-468
property, YB97.173-181
expenditure and, YB97.177-181
prospectors, exemption removed, YB97.203-205
Ralph Committee Report, YB00.462, YB00.463
reforms (WA), J03.430-432
research and development concession, YB97.200-202
deductibility of expenses, YB97.201-202
resource ventures
Australian
debt funding
deductibility, YB97.187-189
from overseas, YB97.189
equity funding, YB97.189
overseas
funding, YB97.190
resources industry, reforms relevant to, YB00.462-492
royalties, YB93.256–257
sole traders, YB00.490
Spotless Services case, YB97.209
stamp duty—see Stamp duty
tax indemnity deeds, YB03.132
tax losses, YB00.469-470
tax risk, YB03.131–133
tax subvention deeds, YB03.132
tax value method (TVM), YB00.488-490
thin capitalisation, YB97.195-200
anti-avoidance measures, YB97.197
changes to provisions, YB97.195-200
foreign debt, extension of definition, YB97.196
gearing ratio, reduction of, YB97.195
partnerships and trusts, YB97.196
planning, YB97.198
thin capitalisation rules, YB00.487
Timor Treaty taxation code, YB00.179
trusts, of, YB03.103
withholding tax, YB97.190-195
assignment of debt, YB97.193
changes to regime, YB97.190-195
defeasance arrangements, YB97.192
interest, extended definition, YB97.191-194
Tax Law Improvement Project
consultative committee, role of, YB95.397
establishment of, YB95.396–397
judiciary, interpretation by, YB95.404–405
layperson, accessibility by, YB95.403
mining, petroleum and quarrying, changes in relation to—see Mining
objectives of, YB95.396
proposals for improvements
commencing framework for new Act, YB95.400
conceptual structure of Act, YB95.397–399
language and layout, YB95.399–400
new numbering system, YB95.399
users, effect on, revised, ss 25, YB95.51(1), YB95.400–402
tax law, criticism of, YB95.394–395
tax professionals, benefits for, YB95.403–404
Technology
gas industry, role in, YB95.323–324
legislation evolving with, YB03.594
risk, YB03.116–117
surveys, YB03.595–598
Telecom Corp of NZ Ltd v Clear Communications Ltd
Australian access regimes, YB96.573-574
background to case, YB96.567-568
Commerce Act (NZ), s 36, YB96.566, YB96.567, YB96.570, YB96.572-573
lower courts, YB96.568
Privy Council decision, YB96.568-570
Trade Practices Act
Pt IIIA, YB96.576-578
s 46, YB96.566-567, YB96.570-573
Telecommunications
access arrangements, YB04.183
application procedure, YB04.207–8
essential facilities doctrine, application of, YB04.203
provider has no excess capacity, YB04.208–11
vertical integration, YB04.206
privatisation and deregulation, YB04.182
Telecommunications, access to—see Access
Tendering
People’s Republic of China, in, see People’s Republic of China
tenders
preliminary contract, J04.6
procedures, J04.6
Tenement applications
ballots, B96.13, B96.110–111
objections, B96.133–135
powers of mining registrar, B96.11–12
Tenement ballot
applications for exploration licences received at the same time, B95.15
quashing decision that applicants take part in, B95.15
Tenements, YB96.207-208, YB96.224-227
Termination of contract
breach, for, YB02.464
court, by, YB02.4
default, for, YB02.464, YB02.466
employment contract, of, YB02.4
indenture, of, YB02.496-497
effect of, YB02.497-498
limitation of, YB02.467-495
ad hoc implications, YB02.467-468
express terms, by, YB02.467
implied terms, by, YB02.467-495
method of, YB02.462-463
notice of, YB02.12-13
power of, YB02.463
exercise of, YB02.464
limitation of, YB02.467-495
restrictions, YB02.462
construed, YB02.462
express, YB02.462
implied, YB02.462, YB02.467-495
right of, YB02.4, YB02.13, YB02.462, YB02.463
exercise of, YB02.464, YB02.467
express, YB02.13
limitation of, YB02.467-495
unconditional, YB02.13
standard contract clauses, YB02.464-466, YB02.474-483
state mining agreements, of, YB02.466, YB02.483-486
Terms of contract
enforcement of, YB02.18
express terms, see Express terms
implied, see Implied terms
lease agreement, of, YB02.15
modification of, YB02.18
Terrorism
exclusions, YB03.123–124
international cooperation against, YB04.52
maritime, see Maritime terrorism
oil rigs, against, protocol for prevention, J00.38-40
risk, YB03.123–124
Terrorism Insurance Act 2003, YB03.124
Third party access regulation, see Access regimes
Third parties
contracts with, risk allocation in—see Risk allocation
Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW), B96.9
Tidal power, YB00.309-311
statutory regulation, YB00.310-311
Timor Gap, YB00.173-174
agreement, J01.1, J01.133-136
Area A
activities regulated, YB97.95
contract areas, YB97.85-86
wells drilled in, YB97.87
background, YB97.92-93
Bayu-Undan field, YB97.106
compensation for cancellation of part of exploration permit by government, B94.69–70
conflicting international claims, YB00.174
costs, liability for, YB97.99
discovery, notification of, YB97.103
Elang Kakatua field, YB97.104
employment, YB97.88, YB97.102
gas reserves ownership, J01.1
ICJ ruling, B95.161–163
implementation, YB97.84-86
issues emerging under, YB97.107
joint authority, YB97.78-90, YB97.98
establishment of, YB97.81
organisation chart, YB97.82
production sharing with, YB97.98
joint development zone, B95.3
jurisdiction under, YB97.81, YB97.83, YB97.94
ministerial council, YB97.80, YB97.97
offshore petroleum operations prior to Treaty, YB00.174-177
outline of, YB97.93-95
petroleum exploration activities, YB97.99-100
Petroleum Mining Code, YB97.83, YB97.95-96
petroleum operations, definition, YB97.95
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Legislation Amendment Act 1994 (Cth)
inconsistency in territorial sea boundary rectified, B94.97
Production Sharing Contract, YB97.83, YB97.96-97
arbitration, YB97.97
awarding of, YB97.100
minimum requirements, YB97.96
multiple companies entering, YB97.97
sharing formula, YB97.84
subcontracts, tendering for, YB97.101
termination of, YB97.96
retention lease, YB97.105
sharing of work
contracts, YB97.89, YB97.90, YB97.101
employment, YB97.88, YB97.102
subcontracts, tendering for, YB97.101
taxation, YB97.84
Treaty, see Timor Gap Treaty
unitisation, YB97.106
Zone of Cooperation, see Timor Gap Zone of Cooperation, B94.69, B95.162–163, YB97.79-80
BHP Petroleum’s role in, YB97.91
Timor Gap Treaty, YB02.609-610
background, YB00.139-140, YB00.151-152
code of conduct for petroleum operations, YB00.179
continental shelf, concerned with, YB00.153
delimitation under UNCLOS, YB00.168
overlapping EEZ rights, YB00.166-168
continuation of terms, YB00.156
crude oil sales, fiscal regime, YB00.148
East Timor's transition to, YB00.143-150, YB00.156-161, YB00.183-185
customs and immigration laws, YB00.162
decision-making bodies, cohesion, YB00.165
exchange of notes, YB00.156-157, YB00.184-185
fulfilment of treaty obligations, YB00.163-164
impediments to succession, YB00.183
interim arrangements, legal regime governing, YB00.161-162
law of treaties, YB00.160-161, YB00.172
memorandum of understanding, YB00.157-159, YB00.161, YB00.162, YB00.180-181
re-evaluation of commercial estimates, YB00.164
rights of PSC contractors, YB00.146, YB00.147, YB00.164-165
succession of states, law on, YB00.159-160, YB00.172, YB00.180-183
Transitional Arrangements Act 2000, YB00.185
UNTAET role, YB00.145-146, YB00.147, YB00.156-158, YB00.161-164, YB00.172-173
effect of East Timor’s independence on, J99.1, J99.201-202
effect on petroleum industry, YB00.126
employment provisions, YB00.162-163, YB00.179-180
evaluation, YB00.140-141
future of, YB00.161-171, YB00.186-193
independence of East Timor, effect, YB00.138-193
bargaining power, YB00.186
media, influence of, YB00.188-189
political instability, YB00.188
renegotiation of Treaty, YB00.187, YB00.189
termination of Treaty, YB00.189-190
uncertainties, YB00.188-189
International Court of Justice proceedings, YB00.169, YB00.180
Joint Authority, YB00.139-140, YB00.154-155, YB00.165, YB00.178
legislative support, YB00.180
Ministerial Council, YB00.178
offshore petroleum operations prior to, YB00.174-177
opportunities created by, YB00.141-143
overlapping continental shelf and EEZ rights, YB00.166-168
overview, YB00.152-154
Petroleum (Australia-Indonesia Zone of Cooperation) Act 1990, YB00.180
termination of Treaty, effect, YB00.190-191
production sharing contracts (PSC), YB00.140, YB00.147, YB00.179
approval, YB00.165
model contract, YB00.165, YB00.179
rights of contractors, YB00.146, YB00.147, YB00.150, YB00.164-165, YB00.179, YB00.191-193
purpose, YB00.177-178
renegotiation, J00.187, YB00.187, YB00.189
revocation of petroleum titles to allow, YB00.96
stated positions of East Timor and Australia, YB00.188
taxation code, YB00.179
termination, YB00.189-191
terms, YB00.178
unitisation issues, YB00.166
zone of co-operation, YB02.609-610
Timor Gap Zone of Cooperation, YB00.139, YB00.152, YB00.178
Area A (ZOCA), YB00.139, YB00.140-141, YB00.154, YB00.155, YB00.170, YB00.178
Bayu-Undan project, YB00.138, YB00.140, YB00.141-150
Elang-Kakatua project, YB00.141, YB00.148
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), YB00.154
overlapping continental shelf and EEZ rights, YB00.166-168
renegotiation, YB00.187
Greater Sunrise field, YB00.140, YB00.142
independence of East Timor, effect, YB00.138-193
investments within, YB00.141
Joint Authority to administer, YB00.139-140, YB00.154-155, YB00.178
level of proven reserves, YB00.140-141
resource development, YB00.147-148
sovereignty of continental shelf, YB00.154
three Areas constituting, YB00.154, 178
Treaty, see Timor Gap Treaty
UNTAET role, YB00.138, YB00.146, YB00.147, YB00.149, YB00.155, YB00.156-158, YB00.172-173
Timor Sea
concession over oil-rich area, grant of, J04.3
negotiations, Australia-East Timor, J04.214
oil and gas resources, ownership of, J04.1-4
seabed claims, J03. 107-11
treaty done, J02.198-200
Timor Sea arrangements
commercial exploitation, YB02.607
continuation of, YB02.613
endorsement of, YB02.613
exchange of notes, YB02.613-614
memorandum of understanding, YB02.613
objectives of, YB02.613
post independence, YB02.613-621
seabed boundary agreement, YB02.607
Australian response, YB02.619-621
East Timorese position, YB02.618-619
`Timor Gap', YB02.607-608
negotiations, YB02.610
Timor Sea Treaty, see Timor Sea Treaty
Timor Sea Treaty, YB02.611-618
background, YB03.365–368
commencement of, YB02.613
entry into force, YB03.367
fiscal arrangements, YB02.615-616
joint petroleum development area, see Joint Petroleum Development Area (JPDA)
legal effect, YB03.368–369
signature of, YB02.613, YB02.621
terms, YB03.369–380
Timor Gap Treaty, replacement of, YB02.614
unitisation, YB02.616-618
without prejudice clause, YB02.614-615
Titles Validation Bill 1995 (WA)
introduction, B95.102
tort
Alien Tort Claims Act (US), J03.211-230, J04.4-6, J04.264-275
cause of action, J04.269-272
human rights abuses, use in, J04.5
judicial cautions, J04.273-274
motion to dismiss, J04.63-80
non-justiciability, J04.63-80
norm of customary international law, J04.266-268
Tracing
misapplied property, YB04.124
Trade
environment and, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.58-61, YB02.63, YB02.66
free trade agreements, see Free trade agreements
international, see International trade
World Trade Organisation, see World Trade Organisation
Trade and Environment Committee (CTE), YB02.54-58
aim of, YB02.55-56
creation of, YB02.55
objectives, YB02.56-58
Trade practices, see Restrictive trade practices
authorisations, YB03.64–65
exclusionary provisions, YB03.58–60
exclusive dealing, YB03.62–63
export exemption and notification, YB03.63–64
joint ventures, issues for, YB03.56–65
price fixing, YB03.60–62
restrictive trade practices agreements, YB93.234–236, YB93.240
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth)
access regimes, see Access regimes
Competition Policy Reform Bill 1995 (Cth), amendments inserted by, YB95.254
contravention by regulators, YB01.229
directors and companies
defences of, YB95.228
duties of, YB95.182
gas industry, issues for, YB01.366-372
gas supply arrangements, anti- competitive conduct in, YB95.268–271
long-term sales agreements, effect, YB95.272
market, identification of relevant, YB95.271–272
good faith, concept of, YB95.117
joint ventures exception in s 45A, B95.83
legal relationship, under, YB02.451
mining contracts, claims or disputes in, use of s 52, YB95.95-96
misrepresentation under section 52
mere silence, whether constituting, YB94.345, YB94.378
remedies available, YB94.345, YB94.347
Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL; Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide Petroleum NL—see Sellars v Adelaide Petroleum NL; Poseidon Ltd v Adelaide Petroleum NL
Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline, in relation to, YB95.334-338, YB95.346-347
multi site franchising, YB96.371-376
national access regime, introduction of, YB95.254
prohibited conduct, YB02.451-452
Pt IIIA, B96.62–84, YB96.576-578
access declarations, B96.75–79
access undertakings to the ACCC, B96.81–83
accreditation of “effective” access regimes, B96.79–81
application of access regime to joint ventures, B96.71–72
arbitral role of ACCC, B96.71
pricing issues, B96.68
protections for pipeline owner and existing users, B96.70–71
system extensions and capacity enhancements, B96.69–70
s 46, YB96.566-567, YB96.570-573
s 52, claim for damages for breach of, YB95.558–560
unconscionability, YB02.459-460
unconscionable conduct, prohibition of, YB94.174
Trade Practices Commission (TPC)
Moomba-Sydney gas pipeline, review in respect of, YB95.336–338
Moomba-Sydney Pipeline System Sale Act 1994 (Cth), settlement of access disputes under, YB95.344–346
Transfer duty, YB02.674-681
dutiable transactions, YB02.674-681
business assets, YB02.679-680
dutiable property, YB02.674-681
dutiable property, defined, YB02.675
existing rights, YB02.677-679
land, YB02.675-677
new rights, YB02.680-681
valuable rights, whether, YB02.681
Transfer of title
mining lease, breach of alleged agreement to transfer (WA), J00.9-10
Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 (Cth), under, J00.54-59
becoming registered holder, J00.56-58
co-holder, rights, J00.59
mortgage, by, J00.57-58
notice, J00.68-69
registered holder, importance of being, J00.54-55
rights of holders inter-se, J00.58-59
unregistered transfer, J00.58
Transferable water entitlements (TWEs)
access to information, YB01.483-484
benchmarks for evaluating regime, YB01.481-484
by-laws, YB01.495-496
characteristics, YB01.478-479
CoAG strategic framework, YB01.479
impetus for implementation, YB01.479
implementation mechanisms, YB01.493
licences
application, YB01.485
cancellation, YB01.490-492
conditions, YB01.489
duration, YB01.489-490
eligibility, YB01.485-486
grant of, YB01.487-488
new amendments, YB01.484
objections to applications, YB01.488-489
power to issue directions affecting, YB01.492
register, YB01.497-498
renewal, YB01.489-490
restrictions, YB01.489
security over, YB01.497-498
statutory system, YB01.476
suspension, YB01.490-492
terms, YB01.489
transfer of, YB01.492
undertakings to grant, YB01.486-487
local management plans, YB01.494-495
local rules, YB01.495-496
management plans, YB01.494-495
market information, YB01.483-484, YB01.496-497
property rights, YB01.481-482
purpose, YB01.479
regional management plans, YB01.494-495
subregional management plans, YB01.494-495
third party interests, YB01.482-483
trading water entitlements, YB01.492-493
transaction costs, YB01.482-483
transfer of licences, YB01.492
assessment of effect, YB01.493, YB01.502
transitional period, YB01.498-499
water resource information, YB01.483-484, YB01.496-497
Transnational disputes
international standards, relevance to, YB04.47–54
mediation, YB04.49
recent examples, YB04.50–4
Transparency
corporations, YB04.73–4
Transparency International, YB00.1, YB00.8-11
Australian member companies, YB00.12
Corruption Perception Index, YB00.9, 23
strategies against corruption, YB00.9-11
Transport industries
access arrangements, YB04.183
application procedure, YB04.207–8
essential facilities doctrine, application of, YB04.203
provider has no excess capacity, YB04.208–11
vertical integration, YB04.206
privatisation and deregulation, YB04.182
Treaty on the Zone of Co-operation
Australia and Indonesia, between, YB94.235
Treaties
Agreement Establishing the South Pacific Regional Environment Program, YB97.58-59
objectives, YB97.58
arbitration of disputes, YB00.68
`clean slate' principle, YB00.181-182
law on, YB00.159-160, YB00.172
localised treaties, YB00.182
Basel Convention for the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, YB97.59-62
main provisions, YB97.60
objectives, YB97.59
Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region, YB97.56-58
main provisions, YB97.57
objectives, YB97.56
protocols of 1986, YB97.58
common law, influence on development of, YB00.65
compliance monitoring mechanisms, YB00.68-69
Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, YB97.65-67
implementation in Australia, YB97.66
main provisions, YB97.65
objective, YB97.65
dispositive, YB00.181
enforcement mechanisms, YB00.67-69, YB00.76-79
Framework Convention on Climate Change, YB97.62-65
main provisions, YB97.63
objectives, YB97.62
proposed protocol, YB97.64
Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, YB97.56
impact of on resources industry, YB97.49-77
International Court of Justice, enforcement by, YB00.67-68
international law of, YB00.160-161, YB00.181-183
legislation implementing, YB00.64
Noumea Convention, YB97.56-58
personal, YB00.181
status in Australia, YB00.63-67
succession of states, YB00.159-160, YB00.172, YB00.180-183
Timor Gap, see Timor Gap Treaty
Timor Gap Treaty - see Timor Gap Treaty
treaty-making process, YB97.68-73
concerns about, YB97.69
recommendations of Senate Committee, YB97.69
reforms, YB97.70-76
appraisal of, YB97.73-76
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, YB97.51-56
amendments to, YB97.54
main provisions, YB97.52-56
objectives, YB97.51
Vienna Convention on Succession of States 1978, YB00.159, YB00.160
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, YB00.160-161
Trespass
Crown land, entitlement of holder to sue, YB94.325
damages, J01.194
deemed, YB94.330
definition, YB94.324, YB94.384
exploration, in course of
aerial activities, YB94.332, YB94.364
subsurface activities, YB94.335
surface activities, YB94.331
freehold and leasehold interests, entitlement of holder to sue, YB94.325
interests protected, YB94.324
international environmental harm, domestic claim, YB00.38
mining lease, J01.190-195
offshore mining and petroleum tenements, application to, YB94.325
profit a prendre, right of holder to sue, YB94.325
satellite, remote sensing by, YB94.365, YB94.384
statutory licence, right of holder to sue, YB94.328
tenant, suit by, YB94.325
waters, extension to, YB94.324
Tribunals
special purpose, club atmosphere, YB94.20
Trust, YB93.238, YB93.239, YB93.240
dealing in, duty on, YB02.682
mining tenement held in, J00.115-118
stamp duty on, see Stamp duty
Trustee(s)
fiduciary duty, see Fiduciary duty
sale or partition, property on statutory trust for, YB01.121
Trusts
native title agreements, established by, YB00.543-546
advantages, YB00.543
beneficiaries, YB00.545
categories of distribution, YB00.545
charitable purposes, YB00.544
custodian trustee, YB00.545-546
transparency, YB00.546
trust deed, YB00.543
trustees, YB00.544-545
taxation of, YB03.103
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Unconscionability
contract law, YB01.415 international, YB01.419
Underground gas storage
acquifer storage, YB99.537 acquisition of rights, YB01.514
artificial caverns, YB99.537
authority to own and operate facility, YB99.530-531 benefits, YB99.526
cessation of rights, YB01.512 coal seam methane, YB99.527 Crown ownership, YB99.529-532 definition, YB01.504
depleted reservoirs, YB99.521, YB99.536-537 duration of rights, YB01.516
environmental obligations, YB01.520 exclusivity of rights, YB01.517 government view, YB99.525-527
industry view, YB99.523-525 issues, YB01.507-510
landowner interaction, YB01.521 legal issues, YB99.527-535
approvals and authorisations, YB99.530-534 ownership, YB99.529-530
royalties, YB99.534
legislation, YB99.522, YB99.527-528 interaction with other laws, YB99.535
legislative reform, YB01.510-511 methods, YB99.536-538
natural or man-made facilities, YB01.505 obligations regarding, YB01.509, YB01.520-521 occupiers’ liability, YB01.520-521
operator standards and responsibility, YB01.521 ownership of stored gas, YB01.507-508, YB01.511-512
private ownership of reservoirs, YB01.513-514 reasons for, YB99.523-525, YB01.506-507
recent developments in Australia, YB99.522-523 reservoir storage, YB99.537-538
rights to reservoirs, YB01.508, YB01.512-516 royalties, YB99.534, YB01.509, YB01.518-520
security of rights, YB01.508, YB01.516-517 special exploration tenures, YB99.532-533 surface rights holders, YB99.534-535
termination of rights, YB01.512
third party access, YB99.533, YB01.509-510, YB01.516, YB01.522-524
types of storage facilities, YB01.505
Unconscionable conduct
arm's length, YB02.456-459 commercial context, in, YB02.453-456 good faith, lack of, YB02.41-42
legislation, YB02.459-460
prohibition by Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth), YB94.174 unconscionability, doctrine of, YB02.452-453
underground gas storage authorisation, J01.70-73, J01.75-77 ownership, J01.68-70, J01.74-75 Western Australia, J01.65-77
Undertakings
subpoenaed documents, use of, YB04.104
UNIDROIT’s Principles of International Commercial Contract, YB01.417
Uniform Capital Allowance
acquisition and disposition of mining interests, J02.62-76 immediate deduction, J01.101
Unincorporated joint venture
access to upstream facilities, YB99.183-184 insolvency of participant in, YB99.157-160
joint venture agreement, YB99.157-158 management agreement, YB99.158-159 security over equity in company, YB99.160 single purpose vehicle, YB99.157-159
substantial company with other assets, YB99.159-160
Unit trust
project vehicle, as, YB03.103–104, YB03.161
United Kingdom
petroleum exploration permit bidding, YB01.454
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, YB00.78-79, B95.1–3 abandoned or disused oil or gas platforms to be removed for safety, B95.229 amendments to Pt XI, B95.1
commencement in force, B95.1 “continental shelf”, B94.5 delimitation between states, B95.3
dispute settlement provisions, YB00.68,79 enforcement, YB00.78-79
mining companies, benefits to, YB94.237 not yet ratified by Australia, B94.5 obligations of parties, YB00.76
UN Declaration Against Corruption and Bribery in International
Commercial Transactions, YB00.8
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992, YB00.76-77 enforcement, YB00.76
Kyoto Protocol, YB00.77 nations, YB02.72 obligations
binding, YB02.72 enforcement of, YB02.72
obligations of parties, YB00.76 ratification of, YB02.72
UN Global Compact
nature of, YB04.45
US mining companies, YB04.45
United States of America
Californian electricity market, see Californian electricity market
Climate Change Policy, YB03.306–307 global mergers
Alcoa Inc and Reynolds Metal Company, YB01.5-7
Antitrust Section of Department of Justice, approach of, YB01.5-7 control regulation, YB01.3-4
native title in—see Native title: the North American experience petroleum exploration permit bidding, YB01.454
Renewable Energy Policy, YB03.305–306
Unjust enrichment
concept of, YB94.367
exploration activities, restitution for, J99.117-118 information obtained by reprehensible means, YB94.366
Upstream facilities
access to, see Access to upstream facilities Uranium, YB93.312–318, YB93.320—see also Tailings
exploration, foreign investments, YB94.231 mines, current operation, YB94.231
Utilities
Access, see Access to upstream facilities
Electricity, see Electricity
failure to supply claims, YB99.294-323 gas, see Gas
misleading and deceptive conduct
Esso (gas), YB99.304, YB99.306-309
Mercury Energy (NZ), YB99.316-317 representative proceedings, YB99.296 Sydney Water, YB99.300-302
representative proceedings against, see Representative proceedings
statutory liability
ESAA, YB99.318-323 Esso (gas), YB99.303-314
Mercury Energy (NZ), YB99.314-317, YB99.372-373
Sydney Water, YB99.300-302
Utility failure
Auckland blackout, J99.42, J99.43, J99.47-48 categories of loss, J99.44-45
direct damage or injury, J99.44, J99.45-46 legal and insurance implications, J99.42-53 liability considerations, J99.49
liability insurance of defendant, J99.50-53 Melbourne gas cuts, J99.42, J99.43, J99.49, J99.90 purely economic loss, J99.45, J99.46-48 representative actions, J99.49
Sydney water, J99.42, J99.43 Y2K compliance, J99.43
Utility service providers competition, YB02.407-411 monopoly, YB02.407
regulation of, YB02.407
Consolidated Index: V
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Validity
constitutional—see Constitutional validity
Valmin Code, YB99.443-454, J99.96
breaches, YB99.446
checklist, YB99.448-450
compliance adjudication criteria, YB99.452-454
compliance of reports, YB99.447-448
cornerstone protection, YB99.446-447
development, YB99.443-444
disciplinary control over AusIMM members, YB99.447
structure, YB99.444-446
Valuation
mining valuation techniques, J99.95-96
native title compensation, property valuation, J99.260-265
coase theorem, J99.262
contingent valuation, J99.261-262
just terms, J99.264-265
methodologies, J99.260-263
recruiting outside help, J99.263-264
Valuation of mineral assets, YB93.334–357
assessment of value, YB93.342–344, YB93.347, YB93.354, YB93.356–357
director’s obligations, YB93.354–356
proposed code, YB93.334–336, YB93.344, YB93.345–346, YB93.349–353
regulation, YB93.347
“expert”, YB93.341–342, YB93.346–347
reasons, YB93.336–337
reports, YB93.338–341
Valuers’reports, see Experts’reports
Vehicles
natural gas, take-up of, YB01.286
Vendor
environmental matters—see Risk sharing
special conditions, YB93.44–52
liability for environmental damage, YB93.11–12
warranties, YB93.47–48
Venezuela
law establishing safety zones around offshore oil rigs, J99.249, J99.252
Vicarious liability
environmental damage, YB93.11
Victoria
energy industry reform, see Energy industry reform (Victoria)
Vienna Convention on International Sale of Goods
Australian, application in, YB03.205
cross-border contracts, YB03.206
declarations by Australia and China, YB03.207
‘‘goods’’, contracts involving, YB03.206
incompleteness of, YB03.207
overview, YB03.205
People’s Republic of China, in, see People’s Republic of China (PRC)
scope of application, YB03.206–207
Voidable transactions
exceptions to voidability, YB99.143-144
risk of, YB99.142-144
uncommercial transactions, YB99.143
unfair preference, YB99.143
void dispositions, YB99.144
Voluntary administration
administration period, YB99.147-149
creditors, effect on, YB99.59-68
proceedings, commencing, YB99.59-60
secured creditors, YB99.64-68
services, supply of, YB99.60-61
creditors' meeting
first, YB99.146
second, YB99.149-150
deed of company arrangement, YB99.149
enforcement after execution of, YB99.150-153
directors and officers, effect on, YB99.58-59
dealings with company property, YB99.58-59
delivery of books and records, YB99.59
remaining in office, YB99.58
report as to companies affairs, YB99.59
enforcement of charge by financier, YB99.146-149
introduction of regime, YB99.43
investigation of company's affairs, YB99.147
property owners and lessors, effect on, YB99.70-72
administrator's liability for rent, YB99.71
possession during moratorium period, YB99.70-71
regulation of rights, YB99.78-79
resource companies, YB99.80-126
secured creditors, effect on, YB99.64-68
administrator's control of property, YB99.67-68
enforcement of charge, YB99.64-68
floating charge, YB99.67
perishable property, YB99.66
regulation of rights, YB99.78
usefulness of remedy, YB99.153
Voluntary administrator
agent of company, as, YB99.49-50
appointment, YB99.45-46
holder of security, by, YB99.44
multiple appointments, YB99.49
receiver and manager, YB99.46-48
security holder, by, YB99.45-46
assuming control of property, YB99.67-68
deed of company arrangement proposed by, YB99.75, YB99.77
liability, YB99.51-55
post-appointment contracts, YB99.53
pre-appointment contracts, YB99.51
pre-appointment leases, YB99.51-53
powers, YB99.48-49
directors' powers, YB99.58
qualifications, YB99.50-51
registered liquidator, YB99.50
reorganisation options, opinion as to, YB99.72-79
report, YB99.72-73
scheme of arrangement proposed by, YB99.74-79
Consolidated Index: W
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Waanyi Peoples’ Native Title Application—see also Native Title, B96.1, B96.91, B96.108
pastoral leases, grant of
constitutional background in Queensland, YB95.489–490
extinguishment, legislative intent in relation to, YB95.492–493
Pastoral Leases Act 1869 (Qld), licences issued under, YB95.494–495
judgment on, YB95.506–507
legislative power, limitation on, YB95.487-489, YB95.495-496
“promise, contract or engagement”
alleged effect of, YB95.490–492
origins of terms, YB95.489–490
reservation in
Crown’s interest on settlement, YB95.497–498
effect of, YB95.497–499
extinguishment by reversion, YB95.498
legislative requirement, where, YB95.498–499
Wadi Wadi Peoples’ Native Title Application
fiduciary duty of Crown to native title holders, YB95.499–501
Waitangi Tribunal
Maori claims to petroleum, see Maori claims to petroleum
Wagering—see Gaming contract
Wandarang v Northern Territory
Crown lease, YB02.164, YB02.167
determination of native title, YB02.163-170
traditions, YB02.163
exclusive possession, YB02.164-167
extinguishment of native title, YB02.135, YB02.164-167
non-exclusive possession, YB02.135
pastoral lease, YB02.135, YB02.165, YB02.167
Wandoo Alliance, B96.202–214
Ward
determination of native title, YB02.127, YB02.142-152, YB02.191-192
claimant group, YB02.144
customs, YB02.144, YB02.148, YB02.149, YB02.152
proof, YB02.143-145, YB02.147
revocation of, YB02.152
traditions, YB02.144, YB02.148, YB02.149, YB02.152
validation of, YB02.148
variation of, YB02.152
exclusive possession, YB02.134, YB02.149, YB02.150, YB02.152
extinguishment of native title, YB02.110, YB02.134, YB02.144-150, YB02.152, YB02.190, YB02.191, YB02.241
partial, YB02.190
grants, rights under, YB02.142-143, YB02.147, YB02.150-152
mining lease, rights under, YB02.110, YB02.191
pastoral lease, rights under, YB02.142, YB02.143, YB02.147, YB02.150, YB02.152, YB02.190, YB02.191
recognition of native title rights, YB02.115
Warden, YB93.381–390
administrative function (WA), J99.13
discovery, availability when exercising, J99.125-126
certiorari against decision of, J00.75, J00.77
error of law, J00.79
jurisdictional error, J00.77-79
discretion, YB93.387, YB93.389–390
judicial function, exercise of (WA), J99.13
mineral lease application, role, J00.3
power in relation to late objections (Qld), J99.267-273
power to consider objections to mining lease (WA), J99.15-20, J99.28-41
public interest concerns, YB93.383, YB93.384, YB93.390
referees in Land and Resources Tribunal (Qld), J99.71
role, J99.31-32, YB93.382–388
Warden’s Court
appeal from decision, J99.122-125
District Court, to, J99.272
right of, J99.272
stay of execution pending, J99.124-125
Supreme Court, to, J99.123-124
bias, J04.143-144
compensation determination, J99.83
costs, J02.139-140
decisions, online, J04.143
decoration that entry in register contrary to law, J02.142-144
discovery, availability (WA), J99.125-126
expert evidence, J03.203-204
functions and powers
Mining Act 1978 (WA), under, J04.48-55
certificate of exemption, J04.135-139
intervention by District Court (Qld), J99.269
jurisdiction, J98.373-374
jurisdiction increased (SA), J02.31- 33
jurisdiction in relation to Defence Practice Area, J99.102
limited jurisdiction in partnership, J01.17
no case submission, J04.34-35
powers, J01.28-30
powers and functions, J03. 189-210
practice and procedure, J03.193-194, J03.425-427
Queensland
compensation proceedings, B96.122, B96.167–168
powers and procedures, B96.122
replacement by Land and Resources Tribunal (Qld), J99.71
replacement of, J98.366
review, whether decision final or interlocutory, J99.122-125
reviewability of decisions, J03. 90-92
subpoena, J01.28-30
warden of mines (WA), J03.189-210
Warrant
type of option, YB93.107
Warranties
environmental matters, YB93.19–33, YB93.59
Waste—see also Tailings
defined, YB93.46, YB93.305
export of hazardous waste, J03.119-121
rock, YB93.318
treatment
Northern Territory, YB93.320
Water, YB96.340-341, J97.166-180, see also Natural resources
access arrangements, YB04.183, 424–5
Minerals Council recommendations, YB04.426–7
Productivity Commission Review, YB04.198–9
allocation, J01.232-233
Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Contaminated Sites (ANZECC), YB04.444–5
COAG Agreement (2004), YB04.422–3
COAG strategic framework of, YB00.516, YB00.517-521, YB01.479-480
COAG Water Reform Framework, YB04.423
contamination, YB04.439
best practice contamination assessment principles, YB04.445–6
groundwater standards, YB04.445
investigation level guidelines, YB04.441–2
risk assessment, YB04.442–3
determination of native title, YB02.134-142, YB02.206
exclusive rights, YB02.134, YB02.136, YB02.138, YB02.139, YB02.141, YB02.166
“fit for purpose” standards, YB04.427–8
Great Artesian Basin projects, YB00.534-535
Groundwater, see Groundwater
Groundwater Investigation Levels (GILs), YB04.441–2
law reform, YB00.516-536, YB01.480
Australian Capital Territory, YB00.533
mining industry, implications for, YB00.534-535
New South Wales, YB00.526-528
Northern, YB00.531-532
Queensland, YB00.528-529
South Australia, YB00.528
Tasmania, YB00.532-533
Victoria, YB00.530-531
Western Australia, YB00.524-526
licensing, J97.169-171
licensing provisions, J01.30-31
management, framework for, YB04.423–5, YB04.437
resources sector, implications, for, YB04.425–7
State responses, YB04.424–5
mine dewatering, YB01.484-485
mining industry, use in, YB01.475-476
deficiencies in statutory framework, YB01.476-478
proclamation of groundwater areas, YB01.485
statutory licensing systems, YB01.476
mining tenements, J97.167, J97.171-175
miscellaneous licence, to J01.47-J01.248, J01.249-250, J01.250-253
Murray Darling Basin Commission, YB00.522-524
cap on diversions, YB00.523-524
National Competition Policy, YB00.516, YB00.517-521
allocations and entitlements, YB00.518-519
assessment of implementation, YB00.521-522
environmental issues, YB00.520-521
institutional reform, YB00.519
pricing, YB00.517-518
public consultation, YB00.520
public education, YB00.520
trading, YB00.519
National Water Initiative, YB04.423
national water policy, YB01.480
permit invalid, J01.206-209
privatisation and deregulation, YB04.182
property rights, YB01.481-482
public ownership, YB00.249
resource, YB02.134, YB02.139-140
right to exploit water power, YB00.320-322
Aboriginal land rights, YB00.322
common law rights, YB00.321-322
riparian disputes, YB00.249
sea, determination of native title, YB02.134-142
exclusive rights, YB02.136, YB02.138, YB02.138, YB02.141
fishing, YB02.139-141
low water mark, YB02.136-137, YB02.139, YB02.141
offshore place, YB02.137-138
territorial limits, YB02.137, YB02.139
traditional connection, YB02.139, YB02..141
State and Territory legislation, YB00.524-533, YB00.536
tradable water rights, J01.31
transferable entitlements, J97.179
transferable water entitlements, see Transferable water entitlements (TWEs)
use, approval procedure, YB04.427–8
integration of, YB04.428–9
New South Wales, YB04.432–4
Queensland, YB04.430–2
Victoria, YB04.434–7
wastewater, YB04.427
Water Act (Qld), J01.231-234
Water Act (WA)
amendments to, YB01.484
definitions in, YB01.484-485
Water Resources Act 1997 (SA), J04.227-229
existing user, J04.227-229
water trading markets
mining industry, NSW, YB01.499-500
recommendations for mining industry, YB01.500
waterways, rights to
compensation for, YB02.120
confirmation of, YB02.117
grant of, YB02.120
Western Australia’s resources, audit of, YB01.475
Western Mining Corporation water projects, YB00.534-535
Water contamination
misleading or deceptive conduct, YB99.300-302
representative proceedings, YB99.295, YB99.298
statement of claim, YB99.299-302
statutory liability, YB99.299-302
Water law, J00.279-281
Water reform (NSW), B96.10
water resource management
conservation and management, J03.67-80, J03.496-502
government agreements, J03.69-72
legislative reform (Qld), J03.496-502
principle of comity, J03.72-73
role of Commonwealth Government, J03. 75-78
Water supply
damages for contamination, liability of statutory corporation, J99.205
failure, legal and insurance implications, J99.42-53
Sydney crisis, J99.42, J99.43
Wellhead value
continuity of royalty interests, YB93.279
cost allocation, YB93.284–285
cost of capital, YB93.280–282
costs upstream, YB93.283–284
depreciation of capital, YB93.279–280
forward sales, YB93.282–283
government taxes, YB93.282
head office overheads, YB93.284
leasing costs, YB93.282
non-arm’s length sales, YB93.285
project financing, YB93.280–282
take-or-pay provisions, YB93.282–283
unrecouped deductions, YB93.283
Western Australia
gas industry in
Energy Board of Review, review and report by, YB95.356–357
Dampier to Bunbury pipeline—see Dampier to Bunbury Natural Gas Pipeline Scheme
Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement—see Goldfields Gas Pipeline Agreement
historical development of, YB95.356–357
Petroleum Pipelines Act 1969 (WA), access regime under, YB95.391–392
State Energy Commission of Western Australia (SECWA)
original role of, YB95.356
separate utilities, division into, YB95.357, YB95.358
structural reform, introduction of, YB95.358–360
contracts, disaggregation of, YB95.358
Coordinator of Energy, establishment of, YB95.359
Director of Energy Safety, establishment of, YB95.359
gas and electrical utilities, separation of, YB95.358
open access, development of, YB95.359–360
Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993—see Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA)
native title
effect of Commonwealth legislation on, YB94.66
inconsistency of State and federal Acts, YB94.83
pending action with Commonwealth on validity of sections, YB94.73
response to Commonwealth legislation, YB94.17, YB94.41
Western Australia v Commonwealth, B95.102–105
Commonwealth and state law, inconsistency between, YB95.538–539
compulsory acquisition of land, YB95.546–547
Constitution, powers conferred by, YB95.539
background to case, YB95.536–537
decision, YB95.554
establishment of colony, survival of native title after, YB95.540–542
extinguishment, liability to, YB95.543–547
Land Act 1933 (WA), limitation to public purposes under, YB95.544–545
Mining Act 1978 (WA), under, YB95.545–546
Petroleum Act 1967 (WA), under, YB95.546
impermissible discrimination, YB95.550–552
Land (Titles and Traditional Usage) Act 1993 (WA)
extinguishment of native title under, YB95.537
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), inconsistency with, YB95.542-543, YB95.547
s 5, validity of, YB95.547
s 7, rights of traditional usage, creation of, YB95.542–543
legislative powers of state, control of, YB95.549–550
Mabo (No 2), reference to decision, YB95.537
Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), challenge to validity of
amendments by Senate, introduction of, YB95.552
constitutional powers to enforce, YB95.548–549
impugned provisions, validity of, YB95.549–552
judiciary, invalid delegation of powers to, YB95.553
Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), consistency with, YB95.552–553
principle submissions, YB95.537–539
questions in proceedings, answers to, YB95.554–557
terra nullius, concept of, YB95.541
Western Lands Lease
native title and pastoral leases, J00.190-191
Western Mining Corporation Ltd v Commonwealth, YB94.543
acquisition of property, YB94.553
just terms, on, YB94.555
action, YB94.546
appeal by Commonwealth, YB94.566
case structure, YB94.548
facts, YB94.544
findings, YB94.547
just terms, acquisition of property on, YB94.555
petroleum industry, implications for, YB94.563
property
exploration permit as, YB94.550
what is, YB94.548
statement of claim, critical aspects of, YB94.547
Western Power Corporation (WA)
accountability, B95.14
establishment of, B95.14
Wik case, J00.86-87, J00.190-191
effect of decision, YB02.109
native title
common law, at, YB02.109
extinguishment, whether, YB02.109
pastoral lease, grant of, YB02.109
significance of decision, YB02.109
Wik people’s claim, B96.1, B96.91, B96.162—see also Native title
activities of lessees, YB97.400
fiduciary relationship of Crown, YB97.404
implications, YB97.397-405, J97.27-68
history of native title, necessity of, YB97.401-402
intention of grant, YB97.402-403, YB97.404
issues, YB97.387
legislative responses, J97.40, J97.52-53
Mabo v Queensland (No 2), YB97.385-387
majority views, YB97.394-397
Gaudron J, YB97.398-399
Gummow J, YB97.399
Toohey J, YB97.394-396
postscript, YB97.396, YB97.399-400
minority view, YB97.388-394
common law doctrines, YB97.391-392
Native Title Amendment Bill, YB97.407—see also Native Title
pastoral leases, grant of
constitutional background in Queensland, YB95.489–490
draft Code of Practice, issue of, YB95.506
extinguishment, legislative intent in relation to, YB95.492–493
legislative power, limitation on, YB95.487–489
“promise, contract or engagement”
alleged effect of, YB95.490–492
origins of terms, YB95.489–490
Racial Discrimination Act, YB97.400
rights, inconsistency between, YB97.389, YB97.397, YB97.400
State ownership of minerals, YB97.404
summation, J97.38
suspension of native title, YB97.404
10 Point Plan, YB97.407
Wilful misconduct
exemption clauses in joint operating agreements for, YB94.165, YB94.187
meaning of, YB94.165
Windarra nickel project, YB96.436-438
wind energy resources guidelines for development (Vic), J03.35-36
wind farms
planning conditions, J01.122-124
Wind power, YB00.299-300, YB00.305
capital costs, YB00.299
commercial performance, YB00.300
disadvantages, YB00.300
environmental incentive to use, YB00.291
predictions as to use of, YB00.288
Woodward Report
Aboriginal Land Councils, see Land Councils; Prescribed Body Corporate
recommendations, YB02.112
WorkCover
investigative powers, YB04.86
workman’s lien
mining lease, J01.217
Workplace agreements
freedom of association, whether breach of, YB00.579
BHP Iron Ore case, YB00.582-589
Cth legislation, YB00.580-581, YB00.582
international conventions, YB00.581-582
WA legislation, YB00.580
industrial matters between parties, YB00.580
inspection, YB00.580
overriding award, YB00.579
parties, binding on, YB00.580
relief, parties seeking, YB00.580
trade union as party, YB00.580
Workplace health and safety
directors’ liability
Australian Capital Territory, YB03.514
Commonwealth, YB03.514
New South Wales, YB03.511
Queensland, YB03.512
South Australia, YB03.512–512
Tasmania, YB03.513
Victoria, YB03.511–512
Western Australia, YB03.513
Workplace relations
coal industry, in the, YB97.211-230, YB97.345
Coal Industry Tribunal, YB97.213-215
need for change, YB97.212
drugs and alcohol—see Drugs in the workplace
Workplace Relations Act
AIRC, role of, YB97.226-228
benefits of, YB97.216
employment arrangements, YB97.216-220
award, YB97.216
certified agreements, YB97.217-218
registered individual contracts, YB97.218-219
freedom of association, YB97.225
industrial action, regulation of, YB97.220-25
bans clause, YB97.222-225
permitted, YB97.221
prohibited, YB97.220
types of, other, YB97.222-225
unfair dismissal, changes to, YB97.228
Work programs
waiver of, J99.1, J99.99
World Bank
corruption, measures against, YB00.8, YB00.9, YB00.10
poverty eradication, goal of, YB04.72
Prototype Carbon Fund, YB00.388-389, YB00.392
social-engineering mandate, YB04.60
World Bank Extractive Industry Review (EIR)
focus of, YB04.66–7
practical perspective, YB04.70
recommendations, YB04.68
World Bank Guidelines, YB03.167
World Heritage Committee, YB00.69, YB00.74
establishment, YB00.74
functions, YB00.74
Kakadu National Park, consideration of status of, YB00.69, YB00.74-76, YB00.205-206
List of World Heritage in Danger, YB00.74
members, YB00.74
World Heritage List, YB00.74
World Heritage Convention
committee to monitor compliance see World Heritage Committee
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act implementing, YB00.217
legislation implementing, YB00.64-65, YB00.217
obligations of member states, YB00.217-218
World Heritage List, B96.38–40, B96.119
areas recorded on, YB94.235
World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983, YB94.235
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Agreement on subsidies and Countervailing Measures, YB03.119–123
Appellate Body, YB02.59-61, YB02.63-65
appeals to, YB02.59, YB02.60, YB02.63-65
articles
human health, YB02.61, YB02.63
natural resources, YB02.63
violation of, YB02.63
China’s accession to, YB03.207
dispute resolution, see Dispute resolution
Dispute Settlement Body, see Dispute Settlement Body
environmental objectives, enforcement of, YB02.49, YB02.57
GATT/WTO rules, YB02.49-50, YB02.55, YB02.59, YB02.61, YB02.64, YB02.66
challenge to, YB02.59
compliance, YB02.64
conflicts, YB02.66-68
conformity of, YB02.59
interpretation of, YB02.62
members, YB02.54, YB02.59
rights of, YB02.54
nation status, YB02.65
objectives
consumer protection, YB02.64
fair competition, YB02.64
market transparency, YB02.64
panel, YB02.59-61
role of, YB02.50
rules see GATT/WTO rules above
sanctions, YB02.59
standards, YB02.60-61, YB02.64
Trade and Environment Committee, see Trade and
Environment Committee
trade and environment relationships, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.57-59
principles of, YB02.56
trade measures, use of, YB02.49, YB02.50, YB02.58-61
World Trade Organisation Agreement
reforms under, YB02.59
Writ of certiorari
necessary elements for grant, B95.16–17
recommendation affected legal rights of applicant, B95.18
Consolidated Index: Y
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Yanner v Eaton
determination on native title, YB02.176-178
extinguishment of native title, YB02.176-178
ownership, YB02.177-178
Yarmirr
airspace, determination of native title, YB02.136
exclusive possession, right of, YB02.125-126
sea, determination of native title, YB02.134-142
common law, at, YB02.136-138, YB02.141
exclusive rights, YB02.136, YB02.138, YB02.139, YB02.141
fishing, YB02.139-141
low water mark, YB02.136-137, YB02.139, YB02.141
offshore place, YB02.137-138
resources, YB02.134, YB02.139-140
territorial limits, YB02.137, YB02.139
traditional connection, YB02.139, YB02.141
Yorta Yorta
aboriginal law, YB02.154
determination of native title, YB02.153-158
abandonment, YB02.153
common law, at, YB02.155, YB02.158
connection, YB02.135, YB02.158
continuity of use, YB02.158
customs, YB02.154, YB02.156-157
loss of connection, YB02.135
occupation, YB02.154
proof, YB02.154
revival, YB02.153
traditions, YB02.154, YB02.156-157
environment, protection of, YB02.154
establishment of native title, YB02.156-157
exclusive possession, YB02.153
extinguishment of native title, YB02.155
heritage, protection of, YB02.154
Consolidated Index: Z
Contains Ampla
Yearbooks (YB) 1993-2004
Bulletins (B) 1994-1996
Journals (J) 1997-2004
Zone of Cooperation, see Timor Gap Zone of Cooperation